Exam- BIOL 1108 Exam 2 Study Guide|163 Questions
with Complete Solutions
With infinite abundance of water in the atmosphere, how do you expect the stomata to
respond? With little CO2 in the atmosphere, how do you expect the stomata to respond?
CORRECT ANS-With abundance of water, the plant does not have to worry about water
loss; therefore, the stomata opens for CO2. In absence of CO2, the stomata stay open to
photosynthesize, but loses water as a result.
What were the obstacles of moving to land for plants? CORRECT ANS-Gravity,
reproduction, UV radiation (sunlight), water loss, circulation, and gas exchange.
What structure is involved with controlling water loss and gas exchange? What factors
influence the state of this structure? CORRECT ANS-Stomata. The environmental
conditions influence whether or not the stomata opens, for example, in presence of
abundant/absence water or CO2 conditions.
For each phyla, which stage of life do they spend the most time? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of either stage? CORRECT ANS-Haploid = moss (gametophyte stage), all
others = diploid (sporophyte stage). **Haploid (one chromosome) if mutated, diploid
provides a "backup" chromosome
, Exam- BIOL 1108 Exam 2 Study Guide|163 Questions
with Complete Solutions
How do plants distribute nutrients and water? In what direction? What challenge(s) from
moving to land does this adaptation address? CORRECT ANS-Xylem carries water up from
roots to leaves (adhesion and cohesion). Phloem carries nutrients and hormones up and
down (osmosis).
How does variation occur during plant reproduction? CORRECT ANS-***Seed dispersal and
pollen.
What is the significance of energy-tradeoffs in the grand scheme of evolution? CORRECT
ANS-Energy trade-offs—>can't have perfect evolutionary being
What are the two main parts of a seed, and which part correlates most with the seed size?
CORRECT ANS-Cotyledon for food storage and seed coat for seed protection; size of
cotyledon correlates with seed size
What is the relationship between seed size and survivorship? Seed size and number of seeds,
Seed size and dispersal? Explain each. CORRECT ANS-Seed size directly correlates with
survivorship because it means there is more energy allocated to the cotyledon for the seeds
, Exam- BIOL 1108 Exam 2 Study Guide|163 Questions
with Complete Solutions
survival. Seed size has inverse relationship with number of seeds because there is a limited
amount of energy the plant can allocate for seeds, so you can't produce as many seeds if they
are bigger. Seed size is inversely related to seed dispersal because it's harder to move larger
items (ex. Wind dispersal is way harder for a heavier seed).
How do plants evolve to attract pollinators? CORRECT ANS-Nectar and bright colors
What is the difference between seeds and spores? CORRECT ANS-Seeds are zygotes,
resulting from fertilization (2N), whereas spores are products of sporophyte and are haploid
(1N),
What are the energy tradeoffs of producing larger seeds vs smaller seeds? Try drawing the
graph to have a visual depiction to help you remember. CORRECT ANS-Larger seeds cannot
travel as far and cost more energy meaning less seeds produced. But they have a larger food
storage and greater protection (increased survival). Plants can produce many more small
seeds because they require less energy expenditure per seed which can travel farther
distances. However, this means they have a poorer survival rate because they require specific
environmental conditions to grow.
, Exam- BIOL 1108 Exam 2 Study Guide|163 Questions
with Complete Solutions
Know examples of adaptations that plants may have undergone to move onto land
CORRECT ANS-Vascular tissue, alternation of generations, stomata, etc.
The Cambrian explosion occured _____ MYA and resulted in a sudden increase in
_______________. CORRECT ANS-530, marine animal life
What caused most of the mass extinction events? CORRECT ANS-"Rapid" climate change
which altered
Which extinction event resulted in 95% of species lost? CORRECT ANS-Permian extinction
Compare and contrast challenges that plants and tetrapods faced by moving onto land
CORRECT ANS-Similar challenges such as gas exchange, water, gravity, reproduction, but
different adaptations to meet these challenges. For example, plants developed stomata for
gas exchange, whereas tetrapods developed lungs
Tiktaalik and Acanthestega are two examples of transitional species between ______ and
_______. CORRECT ANS-Fish and amphibians
with Complete Solutions
With infinite abundance of water in the atmosphere, how do you expect the stomata to
respond? With little CO2 in the atmosphere, how do you expect the stomata to respond?
CORRECT ANS-With abundance of water, the plant does not have to worry about water
loss; therefore, the stomata opens for CO2. In absence of CO2, the stomata stay open to
photosynthesize, but loses water as a result.
What were the obstacles of moving to land for plants? CORRECT ANS-Gravity,
reproduction, UV radiation (sunlight), water loss, circulation, and gas exchange.
What structure is involved with controlling water loss and gas exchange? What factors
influence the state of this structure? CORRECT ANS-Stomata. The environmental
conditions influence whether or not the stomata opens, for example, in presence of
abundant/absence water or CO2 conditions.
For each phyla, which stage of life do they spend the most time? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of either stage? CORRECT ANS-Haploid = moss (gametophyte stage), all
others = diploid (sporophyte stage). **Haploid (one chromosome) if mutated, diploid
provides a "backup" chromosome
, Exam- BIOL 1108 Exam 2 Study Guide|163 Questions
with Complete Solutions
How do plants distribute nutrients and water? In what direction? What challenge(s) from
moving to land does this adaptation address? CORRECT ANS-Xylem carries water up from
roots to leaves (adhesion and cohesion). Phloem carries nutrients and hormones up and
down (osmosis).
How does variation occur during plant reproduction? CORRECT ANS-***Seed dispersal and
pollen.
What is the significance of energy-tradeoffs in the grand scheme of evolution? CORRECT
ANS-Energy trade-offs—>can't have perfect evolutionary being
What are the two main parts of a seed, and which part correlates most with the seed size?
CORRECT ANS-Cotyledon for food storage and seed coat for seed protection; size of
cotyledon correlates with seed size
What is the relationship between seed size and survivorship? Seed size and number of seeds,
Seed size and dispersal? Explain each. CORRECT ANS-Seed size directly correlates with
survivorship because it means there is more energy allocated to the cotyledon for the seeds
, Exam- BIOL 1108 Exam 2 Study Guide|163 Questions
with Complete Solutions
survival. Seed size has inverse relationship with number of seeds because there is a limited
amount of energy the plant can allocate for seeds, so you can't produce as many seeds if they
are bigger. Seed size is inversely related to seed dispersal because it's harder to move larger
items (ex. Wind dispersal is way harder for a heavier seed).
How do plants evolve to attract pollinators? CORRECT ANS-Nectar and bright colors
What is the difference between seeds and spores? CORRECT ANS-Seeds are zygotes,
resulting from fertilization (2N), whereas spores are products of sporophyte and are haploid
(1N),
What are the energy tradeoffs of producing larger seeds vs smaller seeds? Try drawing the
graph to have a visual depiction to help you remember. CORRECT ANS-Larger seeds cannot
travel as far and cost more energy meaning less seeds produced. But they have a larger food
storage and greater protection (increased survival). Plants can produce many more small
seeds because they require less energy expenditure per seed which can travel farther
distances. However, this means they have a poorer survival rate because they require specific
environmental conditions to grow.
, Exam- BIOL 1108 Exam 2 Study Guide|163 Questions
with Complete Solutions
Know examples of adaptations that plants may have undergone to move onto land
CORRECT ANS-Vascular tissue, alternation of generations, stomata, etc.
The Cambrian explosion occured _____ MYA and resulted in a sudden increase in
_______________. CORRECT ANS-530, marine animal life
What caused most of the mass extinction events? CORRECT ANS-"Rapid" climate change
which altered
Which extinction event resulted in 95% of species lost? CORRECT ANS-Permian extinction
Compare and contrast challenges that plants and tetrapods faced by moving onto land
CORRECT ANS-Similar challenges such as gas exchange, water, gravity, reproduction, but
different adaptations to meet these challenges. For example, plants developed stomata for
gas exchange, whereas tetrapods developed lungs
Tiktaalik and Acanthestega are two examples of transitional species between ______ and
_______. CORRECT ANS-Fish and amphibians
