NR 507: ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024

NR 507: ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2024
AsthmaE-
EANSWEREChronicEdiseaseEdueEtoEbronchoconstrictionEandEanEexcessiveEinflammatoryEresponseEinEtheEbro

nchioles



WhatEareE5Es/sEofEasthmaE-EANSWEREcoughingE

wheezingE

shortnessEofEbreathE

rapidEbreathingE

chestEtightness



PathophysiologyEofEasthmaE(5)E-EANSWERE-airwayEinflammation,EbronchialEhyper-
reactivityEandEsmoothEmuscleEspasm

-excessEmucusEproductionEandEaccumulationE

-hypertrophyEofEbronchialEsmoothEmuscleE

-airflowEobstructionE

-decreasedEalveolarEventilation



BronchiolesE-EANSWEREsmallerEpassagewaysEthatEoriginateEfromEtheEbronchiEthatEbecomeEtheEalveoli



3ElayersEofEtheEbronchiolesE-EANSWEREinnermostElayerE

middleElayerE-ElaminaEpropriaE

outermostElayer



laminaEpropriaE-EANSWEREtheEmiddleElayerEofEtheEbronchioles

,structureEofEtheElaminaEpropriaE-EANSWEREembeddedEwithEconnectiveEtissueEcellsEandEimmuneEcells



purposeEofEtheElaminaEpropriaE-EANSWEREwhiteEbloodEcellsEareEpresentEtoEhelpEprotectEtheEairways



HowEdoesEtheElaminaEpropriaEeffectEtheElungsEinEregardsEtoEasthmaE-
EANSWEREtheEWBCsEprotectiveEfeatureEgoesEintoEoverdriveEcausingEanEinflammatoryEresponseEthatEdamag

esEhostEtissue



WhatEdoesEtheEinnermostElayerEofEtheEbronchiolesEcontainE-
EANSWEREcolumnarEepithelialEellsEandEmucusEproducingEgobletEcells




WhatEdoesEtheEoutermostElayerEofEtheEbronchiolesEcontainE-EANSWEREsmoothEmuscleEcells



whatEdoesEtheEoutermostElayerEofEtheEbronchiolesEdoE-
EANSWEREcontrolEtheEairwaysEabilityEtoEconstrictEandEdilate




alveolarEhyperinflationE-
EANSWEREWhenEairEisEunableEtoEmoveEoutEofEtheEalveolarElikeEitEshouldEdueEtoEbronchialEwallsEcollapsingEa

roundEpossibleEmucusEplugEthusEtrappingEairEinside



howEdoesEhyperinflationEoccur?E-
EANSWEREtheEongoingEinflammatoryEprocessEofEasthmaEproducesEmucusEandEpusEplugEthatEtheEbronchialE

wallsEcollapseEaround



EffectEofEhyperinflationEofEtheEalveolarE-EANSWERE-expandedEthoraxEandEhypercapniaE(retentionEofECO2)E

-ErespiratoryEacidosis



WhatEareEtwoEanticholinergicEdrugsEusedEforEasthmaE-EANSWEREtiotropiumEandEipratropium



WhatEdoEanticholinergicsEdoEinEtheElungs?E-
EANSWERETheseEdrugsEblockEtheEeffectsEofEtheEparasympatheticEnervousEsystemE



-EincreasingEbronchodilation

, MOAEofEanticholinergicEdrugsEforEasthmaE-
EANSWEREtheEparasympatheticEsystemEisEstimulatedEbyEtheEvagalEnerveEtoEreleaseEacetylcholineEwhichEbin

dsEtoEtheEcholinergicEreceptorsEofEtheErespiratoryEtractEtoEcauseEbronchialEconstrictionE=EdecreasedEairflow
E




-EblockingEtheEcholinergicEreceptorsEpreventsEacetylcholineEbindingEpreventingEtheEbronchialEconstriction



bronchitisE-EANSWEREinflammationEofEtheEbronchialEtubes



3EcharacteristicsEofEbronchitisE-EANSWEREbronchialEinflammation

hypersecretionEofEmucusE

chronicEproductiveEcoughEforEatEleastE3EconsecutiveEmonthsEforEatEleastE2EsuccessiveEyears



PerfusionE-
EANSWERETheEsupplyEofEoxygenEtoEandEremovalEofEwastesEfromEtheEcellsEandEtissuesEofEtheEbodyEasEaEresul

tEofEtheEflowEofEbloodEthroughEtheEcapillaries.



resultsEofEchronicEbronchitis/ElowEperfusionE-EANSWEREcyanosisE

rightEtoEleftEshuntingE

chronicEhypoxemia



WhyEisEthereEcyanosisEwithEchronicEbronchitisE-
EANSWEREthereEisEhypoxiaEdueEtoEunfavorableEconditionsEforEgasEexchange




RightEtoEleftEshuntingE-
EANSWEREwhenEbloodEpassesEfromEtheErightEventricleEthroughEtheElungsEandEtoEtheEleftEventricleEwithoutE

perfusion



CausesEofEbronchitisE-EANSWERE-longEtermEexposureEtoEenvironmentalEirritantsE

-repeatedEepisodesEofEacuteEinfectionE(RSVEinfectionEinEearlyEinfancy)

-FactorsEaffectingEgestationalEchildhoodElungEdevelopmentE(pretermEbirth)