BIOL 1902 Final Exam Study Guide.

BIOL 1902 Final Exam Study Guide. Radula - answer- A sharp component, like a chainsaw, with teeth that come out to process plant tissues - Ex: slugs and snails Mandibles - answer- Modified mouthparts that are used to cut apart plant tissues - Ex: caterpillars (leaf blotch miners) Modified Teeth - answerTeeth that have been modified to be used to eat plant material Incisors - answer- Modified teeth; self sharpen - Ex: beavers (orange because full of iron), moose (only lower) Cheek-Teeth - answer- Modified teeth; grind and process food - Masseters are muscles that power them Ex: moose Analogous Structures - answer- Components of animals that have the same function but different origins and structures - Ex: radula, mandibles, and cheek-teeth Gizzard - answer- Tool birds use to break hard structures into smaller pieces as they have no teeth - Ex: ruffed grouse Grit - answerSmall stones that birds swallow to help break down food Digestive Enzymes - answer- Used to digest food, most animals are unable to produce them - Ex: snails and slugs - Ex: caterpillars do not produce them and hence waste a lot of nutrition Symbiotic Relationship - answerAnimals such as moose and deer get the help of bacteria to digest their food Rumination/Rumen - answer- The process of re-chewing food by bringing food back into the mouth, breaking up hard plant tissue/walls - The chamber where bacteria live that help digest food - Ex: moose, cows, and deers Caecum - answer- The chamber that bacteria live in for animals that do not have a rumen - Ex: rabbits, beavers, and geese Coprophagy - answer- An animal processing food twice by eating its own droppings (due to lack of rumen) - Ex: rabbits and beavers Huge Digestive Tract - answer- When animals don't have a rumen or coprophagy to help them digest food - Ex: porcupines Seed Dispersers - answer- Animals that eat plants/fruits and poop out seeds, thereby helping the chances of growth of those plants/fruits - Have large gapes & short intestines for fast ingestion Seed Predators - answer- Animals that eat only seeds, throwing away the flesh of the plant/fruit - Have crossed bills or incisors - Ex: red crossbills, red squirrels, chipmunks, American goldfinches, blue jays, and evening grosbeak MFOs - answerSpecial enzymes that neutralize toxins of plants and allow herbivores to eat the plant without being harmed Vein Drain - answerA process used by herbivores that sequester poison from plants, they control the flow of poison the plant transfers by cutting the veins that transfer poison in the plant Seasonal Diets - answer- Moose switch their diets, eating high in sodium during the summer, storing it in their rumen, and then eating low in sodium during the winter - Moose eat water-shield (an aquatic plant that contains 500x more sodium than land plants) in the summer Visual Hunters - answer- Animals that hunt dependent on their vision - Ex: jumping spiders and crab spiders Large Eyes - answer- Beneficial and give more light - Ex: frogs, glycogen rich rods