URS 1006 midterm study notes With Questions And Answers Graded A+.

Urbanization - correct answer workforce is divorced from the soil; trade manufacturing and service provision dominate the economies of urban second phase is social, psychological, and behavioral. as population becomes more urban family becomes smaller. urbanism - correct answer the end result of urbanization refers to all aspects-political, economic, and social-of the urban way of life urban place - correct answer When a place no longer is strictly tied to agriculture., according to the u.s. census a community having at least 2,500 inhabitants, the majority of whom do not farm city - correct answer people living in a large densely populated municipality mega city - correct answer A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people. urban area - correct answer the built up area where buildings,roads,and essentially urban land uses predominate,even beyond the political boundaries of cities and towns. A city and its suburbs basically metropolis - correct answer (n) a large city; the chief city of an area MSA - correct answer Metropolitan statistical area. 85% of people live in these.These are cities with at least 50,000 people and all the counties around the city depend upon it. Combined statistical Area - correct answer In the United States, two or more contiguous core based statistical areas tied together by commuting patterns. Site and Situation - correct answer concepts used by urban geographers to answer related questions. Site = the physical characteristics of the place where the city originated (geographical). Situation refers to the relative location of the city and the connectedness with other places and the surrounding region. City's growth and decline is more dependent on situation than site multiplier effect - correct answer Expansion of economic activity caused by the growth or introduction of another economic activity. Pre-Industrial City - correct answer until 1840, small, walking city, located near water, cottage industry manufacturing services, mixed land use, no segregation., characterized by a relatively closed class system and limited mobility. Factors that restrict urbanization= - reliance on animal power -lack of surplus of food -difficulty transporting and storing food -hardships in migration to the city Industrial City - correct answer city that grew during the Industrial Revolution, main function was to make and distribute manufactured products., Elements of the factories, railroads, slums., (diagram in nb) - elites put factories in the center of cities and no longer want to near factories, they leave the center and move to the suburbs. new immigrants moving to the center of the cities Post-industrial City - correct answer a city in which an economic transition has occurred from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy., A city in which the service sector generates more wealth than the manufacturing sector., Post-industrial cities are also characterized by large areas of office blocks and buildings for local government administration Primate City - correct answer The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement Dual Primacy - correct answer When two primate cities dominate a country/state. Rank-Size Rule - correct answer Tells us that the nth largest city will be 1/n the size of the largest city, rule that states that the pop. of any given town should be inveresly proportional to its rank the countryes hierachy when the distribution of citys according to their sizes follows a certain pattern Colonial city - correct answer Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers - often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructures. socialist city - correct answer cities that evolved under communist regimes in the former soviet union, Eastern Europe, CHina and N. Korea new town - correct answer It shall refer to a town deliberately planned and built which provides, in addition to houses, employment, shopping, education, recreation, culture and other services normally associated with a city or town. green cities - correct answer these places use renewable energy, recycle/purify water, Less Developed Countries - correct answer developing countries with a low level of industrialization, a very high fertility rate, a very high infant mortality rate, and a very low per capita income (relative to highly developed countries). More Developed Countries - correct answer A country that is highly industrialized with a diverse economy and the people have a higher standard of living The Origin of Cities - correct answer ... why do we need to plan for world cities? - correct answer world population has exploded, Mass urbanization 19th century to present,more people on less land, immigration and globalization,health, housing,environment,energy services food. A world without cities? - correct answer spatial uniformity of all resources, constant return scale, produce only what we need, lot of land available why cities are growing? - correct answer Positive rate of natural Increase, Rural-Urban Migration-People from country side move into city, Governmental reasons,Marketing, Natural resources differes across nations and regions., High standard of living, healthcare, education. Agglomeration Economies - correct answer The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities (industry in the north) Agglomeration Diseconomies - correct answer -the negative economic effects of urbanization and the local concentration of industry. (higher prices that must be paid by firms competing for land and labor, the costs of delays resulting form traffic congestion and crowded port and railroad facilities) Urbanization Economies - correct answer maybe someone can fill this in Localization Economies - correct answer maybe someone can feel this in Agriculture: a step to settled cities - correct answer maybe someone can fill this in Urbanization Past Trends - correct answer Multiplier effect: some sectors grew, some declined. An increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent. Mercantilism( Gov Protection) -Increase economic potential -control trade subsidies -Armed force to defend commercial interests Industrial and Post-Industrial Urbanization(18th century present) Change: Poverty level, Unemployment Early Urbanization - correct answer (Antiquity to 5th century A.D.) cities along rivers -Tigris Euphrates Rivers - Nile Valley - Indus Valley - Yellow River Valley Small in size: Ur: 200,000 Rome: 1 million (2. century) surplus: beginning of commerce New Social order linked to agriculture The middle Period - correct answer (5th-7th Century A.D.) -the western roman empires fall -end of urbanization in Western Europe -decrease in spatial interaction - isolated, self sufficient places - no trade no increase Industrial Urbanization - correct answer Huge environmental changes took place as a result of the Industrial revolution. Population grew by huge amounts in cities and smaller towns. Industrialization made some people very wealthy and they built nice houses, churches, museums and theaters in wealthy neighborhoods. However they largest population growth took place in the poorest neighborhoods. Developers built cheap houses for poor migrants to rent. Multiple families would have to live in one small room. With rapid population growth, overcrowding, and a lack of sufficient municipal services urban problems were very serious. Sewage and trash were thrown out on the street to be washed down the street. The poor kept pigs and chickens and the rich had horses. Factories and the workers houses were together. There was a lot of air pollution due to the burning of coal. People were drinking water from wells and rivers that were contaminated by the sewage and industrial runoff. Noise and smoke pollution was also brought into towns by means of the railroad. Urban diseases increased during this time because of a lack of sunshine, due to the dark, smoky cities.Reports led to reform such as garbage removal, water and sewage systems, and parks and schools. These reforms made urban life better. Post Industrial Urbanization - correct answer service sector grew more than the factories and industrial stuff. These are the current times that centers itself around doctor offices, law firms, grocery stores, car dealerships, rather than coal mines, steel mills, pipes, oily machinery etc. City Functions - correct answer ... Market Center - correct answer Central places -Variety of retail functions - Variety of goods and services - Site Factor: Physical Characteristics - Spatial order of sttlements Transportation Center - correct answer Place where goods arrive to be shipped to many destinations. break of bulk and break in transportation. located in linear patterns along rail lines, coastlines, major rivers Specialized Service Center - correct answer cities that offer a more narrow, specialized variety of services, -- one group specializes in research and development activities related to a specific industry X Ex: XX motor vehicles in Detroit XX steel in Pittsburgh XX office equipment in Rochester, NY XX semiconductors in San Jose, CA -- another group specializes in gov. and edu., notably state capitols with major universities X Ex: XX Albany XX Lansang XX Madison XX Raleigh-Durham Central Place Theory - correct answer A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther. Sectors of the Economy: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary - correct answer Primary sector is natural resource extraction. Secondary sector is manufacturing and industrial work. Tertiary is services that are provided. Quaternary is information processing. Basic and non basic economic activities - correct answer basic: necessary for urban growth,manufacturing,trade etc. non-basic-grocery stores, restaurants etc. Internal Spatial Structure of Cities - correct answer The Urban Land use Pattern The Concentric Zone Model - correct answer model created by EW Burgess in 1923, which explains that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth rings on a tree. 1- central business district 2- zone of transition 3- zone of workers homes 4- zone of better residencies 5- commuter zone Problems: 1. Doesn't work well with cities outside the US 2. assumes unchanging landscape The Sector Model - correct answer A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD)., theory developed by land economist Homer Hoyt in 1939, which explains that a city develops in a series of sectors rather than rings.