TEST 1 MATERIALS NURS /2025 ACTUAL EXAM [A+ GRADED]

TEST 1 MATERIALS NURS /2025 ACTUAL EXAM [A+ GRADED] PAP smear - ANS-start at 25year per ACS, HPV every 5 years, contesting every 5 years, cytology every 3 years Breast cancer screening - ANS-Average risk: if chest radiation therapy before 30-year, genetic mutation of BRCA, family/pt history of CA 40-44yr: have option to start mammogram screening every year 45-54yr: SHOULD get mammogram every year 55 and up: can do every other year or q year until they are in good health to live 10 more years high risk: Family history of breast cancer, non-BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, head radiation therapy to chest, Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, Cowden Syndrome, Banayan-Riley Ruvalcoba syndrome Overdiagnosis - ANS-finding cancer that wouldn't have been a problem if you not found it ACS recommend AGAINST MRI if cancer chance is 15%c cervical dysplasia - ANS-the growth of abnormal cells in the cervix can be premalignant cervical disease called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) CIN 1: mild dysplasia with low grade lesion. Cellular change in lower 1/3rd of squamous epithelium CIN 2: moderate dysplasia with high grade lesion. Cellular change in lower 2/3 of squamous epithelium CIN 3 or Carcinoma in situ: severe dysplasia with high grade lesion. Cellular change in full thickness of squamous epithelium -Squamous epithelium increase during pregnancy but reduces postpartum -Endocervical curettage is contraindicated during pregnancy -Unless cancer is identified/suspected treatment for CIN is contraindicated during pregnancy Digital Breast Tomosynthesis - ANS-provides 3D images from a mammogram machine which rotates around the breast Non pharm management for fibrocystic BD - ANS-Cold compress, supportive bra 24 hours a day, sodium restriction 10 days before onset of menstruation, decrease or eliminate caffeine, reduce dietary fat pharm management for fibrocystic BD - ANS-vitamin D 2000 IU day spironolactone for swelling (25-200mg PO daily; start with 100 IU daily) vitamin E 200 IU twice daily or 500 IU daily evening primrose oil 2-4g daily oral contraceptives Intraductal papilloma (IDP) - ANS-Benign tumor within the ductile system (ductal epithelium and myoepithelial cells) of the breast that may occur alone or as multiple tumors. Most common in women ages 35 to 50 years. Ductal ectasia is often associated with IDP For bilateral nipple discharge - ANS-Check for TSH (hypothyroid), prolactin (pituitary tumor) -medications: spironolactone, antihypertensives, antidepressants, antidopaminergics, estrogen OCPs, opioids, marijuana, methyldopa, H2 receptor antagonist Breast cancer screening per ACS - ANS-Annual between 45 and 54 years, then every two years after age 55 Breast Cancer - ANS-2nd most cause of CA death in USA women Malignant neoplasm of cells native to breast epithelial, glandular, or stoma Hormone replacement therapy is a RISK FACTOR for Breast CA - ANS (combination estrogen-progesterone and estrogen only agent) during perimenopause increases breast cancer risk for 10 years after medication discontinued Treatment for breast CA - ANS-Hormonal therapy -SERMS Tamoxifen (20-40mg daily; if more than 20 use twice daily dose) Raloxifene (60mg daily) Calcium and vitamin D supplement is recommended - non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors {lowers estrogen production} Anastrozole 1mg daily Letrozole 2.5mg daily -chemotherapy -radiation therapy Benign Ovarian Tumours - ANS-Non-malignant tumour of the ovary may be solid or cystic diagnostic test; pregnancy test, urine analysis, tumour marker test that is CA125 35 MCG/ML, transvaginal ultrasound or MRI. Treatments: non-pharmacological- laparoscopic surgery. Pharmacologic - oral contraceptives or estrogen therapy Ovarian Cancer - ANS-Malignancy of ovaries surface epithelium, germ or stromal cells. Epitherlial ovarian cancer (EOC) is 90% Prevention: use of oral contraceptives {5years decrease risk by 20%, 15 years decrease risk by 50%}, multiparity, breastfeeding, tubal ligation or hysterectomy, salpingo-oopherectomy, check CA125, transvaginal ultrasound q6-12 month at age 3- or 10 years prior to earliest age of family cancer diagnosis Diagnostic: