503 Final exam.docx

True or False? Environmental and occupational health problems are a specialization of epidemiology. - correct answer True Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to an epidermiologic approach)? - correct answer Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient True or False? The epidemiologic and clinical descriptions of a disease are different. - correct answer True True or False? One of William Farr's contributions to public health and epidemiology included the development of a more sophisticated system for codifying medical conditions. - correct answer True True or False? John Snow is credited with developing the smallpox vaccination. - correct answer False Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? - correct answer Description of a single individual's symptoms True or False? Most of the time, epidemiologic researchers confront a problem that has a clear etiologic basis. - correct answer False True or False? The Framingham Heart Study, begun in 1948, pioneered research into coronary heart disease risk factors. - correct answer True Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: - correct answer seasonal variations in cases of influenza True or False? In current thinking, the term epidemic is used only to describe outbreaks of infectious disease. - correct answer False True or False? Molecular epidemiology applies the techniques of molecular biology to epidemiologic studies. - correct answer True Which form of prevention takes place after the precursors of disease interact with the host? - correct answer Tertiary and secondary True or False? High firearm death rates and homicide rates are indicators of adverse conditions within the community. - correct answer True The uses of epidemiology include: - correct answer search for determinants (causes of disease) estimation of individual risks and chances of contracting disease evaluation of health services Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? - correct answer A new epidemic disorder There has been an increase in the number of epidemiologic studies reported in medical journals because: - correct answer they interest the public and physicians concerned with preventive medicine. True or False? An example of operations research is using epidemiology to plan the placement of health services in a community. - correct answer True What factors should be considered in measuring long-term changes in disease frequency over time? - correct answer -changes in diagnostics criteria - changes in the age distribution -changes in fatal course of the condition True or False? The existence of a dose-response relationship, that is, an increase in disease risk with an increase in the amount of exposure, does not support the view that an association is a causal one. - correct answer False According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of: - correct answer Prepathogenesis pg 98 True or False? John Cassel argued that the agent, host, and environment triad provided an adequate explanation for chronic diseases of non-infectious origin. - correct answer False Using epidemiology for operational research involves: - correct answer study of community health services True or False? The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey is a continuing probability survey of physicians who practice in public settings such as V.A. centers. - correct answer False Which of the following terms is expressed as a ratio (as distinguished from a proportion)? - correct answer Male births/Female births True or False? The crude death rate is defined as the number of deaths in a given year divided by a reference population (during mid-point of the year) multiplied by 100,000. - correct answer True The incidence of a disease is five times greater in men than in women, but the prevalence shows no sex difference. The most likely explanation is that: - correct answer the duration of the disease is greater in women. True or False? A prerequisite for using direct age adjustment is that the age-specific death rates in the study population must be stable. - correct answer True An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year: The crude death rate for all causes was: - correct answer 900/100,000 x 100,000 The major disadvantage of crude rates is that: - correct answer they do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition True or False? The point prevalence of a disease is defined as the number of persons ill divided by the total number in the group at a point in time. - correct answer True pg 115 True or False? When the duration of a disease becomes short and the incidence is high, the prevalence becomes similar to incidence. - correct answer True True or False? The incidence rate of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of the disease over a time period divided by the total population (at risk) during the same time period times a multiplier (e.g. 100,000). - correct answer True True or False? The proportional mortality ratio (%) is defined as the mortality due to a specific cause during a time period divided by the mortality due to all causes during the same time period times 100. - correct answer True An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year: -total # of deaths from roller-skating 90 -total #of deaths from all causes 900 The proportional mortality ratio (%) due to roller-skating was: - correct answer 90/900 x 100 pg 142 Successful treatment programs that would shorten the duration of a disease primarily affect: - correct answer the prevalence of disease Which of Mill's four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor? - correct answer Concomitant variation True or False? Health phenomena may show cyclic variations in a person's response to temporary stressors. - correct answer True True or False? WHO is a major source of information about worldwide international variations in rates of disease. - correct answer True True or False? The three categories of descriptive epidemiologic variables are person, place, and time. - correct answer True Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect - correct answer Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Seasonal variations A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following? - correct answer Negative Declaration Descriptive epidemiology characterizes the amount and distribution of disease within a population and enables the researcher to: - correct answer Generate testable hypotheses regarding etiology and evaluate trends in health and disease within a population B&C only- pg 159 Which of the following reasons might account for place variation in disease? - correct answer a. Concentration of racial or ethnic groups within an area b. Genetic and environment interactions c. Influence of climate d. Presence of environmental carcinogens