PSYC 101- Introduction to Psychology EXAM 1 Exam (100% correct and graded A+)

psychology - Answer-the science of behavior and the mind neuroscience (7 essential perspectives in psychology) - Answer-how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; the building blocks of the mind evolutionary (7 essential perspectives in psychology) - Answer-how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes; example: introversion and extroversion behavior genetics (7 essential perspectives in psychology) - Answer-how much our genes and environment influence individual differences social- cultural (7 essential perspectives in psychology) - Answer-how behavior and thinking vary across cultures; looks at the distance when 2 people are speaking; when norms are violated, it's very uncomfortable and results in lots of emotions and tension psychodynamic (7 essential perspectives in psychology) - Answer-how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts; conscious mind can be very different than unconscious mind cognitive (7 essential perspectives in psychology) - Answer-how we encode, process, store, or retrieve information behavioral (7 essential perspectives in psychology) - Answer-how we learn behavior by association; how the world rewards you or punishes you four goals of research - Answer-Description Prediction Understanding Application description (4 goals of research) - Answer-researchers define, classify, and catalogue events and their relationship5 personality traits - Answer-Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism prediction (4 goals of research) - Answer-researchers attempt to identify relationships among variables in order to predict future events understanding (4 goals of research) - Answer-when researchers seek to understand the processes that lead to psychological outcomes. application (4 goals of research) - Answer-researchers seek to get their work out into the world so it can be used to improve the lives of others 3 basic study designs - Answer-Descriptive Correlation Experimental theories - Answer-logically organized ideas that attempt to explain phenomena hypothesis - Answer-an idea about how a specific research study will turn out. They attempt to explain but are more tentative and smaller in scope. independent variable - Answer-what you manipulate, vary, control in order to examine its effect on other variables (experimental versus control group) dependent variable - Answer-(the outcome- the thing you're studying); we study the effects of the manipulation operational definition - Answer-a procedure used to define and measure the concept(s) under ct the experiment - Answer-collect the data then analyze the data (graphs, statistics) purpose of experimental designs - Answer-to explore cause-effect relationships control and experimental groups - Answer-experimenter creates 2 conditions: experimental (ex: drugs) and control (ex: placebo) random assignment - Answer-subject has equal chance of being in control versus experimental group; eliminates other possible explanations steps in the research process - Answer-1. Develop research question 2. Develop hypotheses 3. Form operational definitions 4. Choose a research design 5. Evaluate ethics 6. Collect data 7. Analyze data and draw conclusions 8. Report results correlation (r) statistics - Answer-correlation is a number between -1 and 1 that measures relationship between 2 variables correlational designs - Answer-to study relationships between variables without experimentally manipulating them. Relationships are studied between variables as they are in the real world. Method: surveys descriptive designs - Answer-to observe and record behaviors Method: case studies naturalistic observation - Answer-observing and recording behavior in natural environmentsatypical sample - Answer-something about the sample that does not apply to other people biased observations - Answer-it is easier for the researcher to bias results