DELTA Module 1 Revision Questions and Answers with complete

fossilisation - The premature stabilisation of a learner's interlanguage modal verbs/modality - Used to indicate ones attitude or judgement towards the message at hand. Often used with an interpersonal function in conversation - to soften one's language and avoid any loss of face in either speaker or listener. deixis - can be personal, temporal or spatial, used to refer to immediate context. e.g you, we; now, next week, here, there. delexical verbs - those verbs where the main meaning is shifted from the verb to the noun. The verbs most commonly used in this way are: make, give, take, have. e.g. have a bath; make the bed. discourse - language functioning in its context of use; language at text level rather than sentence level. ellipsis - a form of substitution where a previously mentioned element is replaced with nothing. E.g. He feels he should be able to provide for his family but he can't [provide for his family]. (Ellipted element in square brackets.) Contributes to the contingency of conversation i.e. effect that talk is jointly constructed. Often used to align successive speakers' utterances, to indicate agreement/sympathy etc, therefore serve an important interpersonal function. adjacency pair - two turns produced by different speakers, which are placed adjacently and where the second sentence is identified as related to the first. e.g. question/answer; complaint/denial ; offer/accept. Where there is a choice of responses, e.g. an invitation or request, one, i.e. the acceptance, requires less elaboration as it is less face-threatening - this is the preferred response. The refusal is the dispreferred sequence and requires more face-saving work. back-channelling - refers to ways in which listeners show they are following the conversation and ways that speakers check on the attention of their listeners. e.g. mmm; how awful!; really. Form and rate is culturally specific and if inappropriate or apparently absent can result in conversation breakdown. adverbial - one of five possible elements in a clause or sentence. Functions like an adverb - contributes circumstantial information to the clause or sentence or comments on what is beingexpressed or links clause or sentence to some other component of the text. e.g. In winter (circumstantial) generally speaking (comment) it freezes. As a result (link), the pipes burst. action research - form of teacher-driven research. Twin goals: to improve classroom practice and to empower teachers by giving them more control over their working lives. E.g using the cycle planning--acting--observing--reflecting. acculturation - the process by which a person integrates into a particular culture affix, affixation - an element that is added to a word and which changes its meaning. Can be a prefix (added to the beginning) e.g. unhappy or a suffix (added to the end) e.g. likeness.