Test Bank Social Psychology, 11th edition Aronson, Wilson, Sommer

Test Bank Social Psychology, 11th edition Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology Total Assessment Guide (TAG) Topic Question Type Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It Introduction Multiple Choice Essay Defining Social Psychology Multiple Choice 2, 11, 12, 13, 19, 26, 29, 30, 31, 41, 43, 58, 59, 60 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 32, 33, 34, 46, 52, 53, 55, 57, 63 5, 8, 9, 21, 22, 27, 28, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 61, 62 36, 37, 45 Essay 176, 177, 180 178, 179 The Power of the Situation Multiple Choice 64, 66, 70, 71, 72, 78, 79, 84, 89, 95, 98, 104, 107, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 124 74, 80, 86, 87, 93, 94, 110, 111, 119, 125 65, 67, 68, 69, 73, 75, 77, 81, 82, 83, 85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 121, 122, 123, 126 76, 112 Essay 181, 182, 183, 185 184 Where Construals Come From: Basic Human Motives Multiple Choice 127, 129, 133, 135, 136, 137, 149, 154, 156, 157, 161 130, 143, 148, 150, 151, 155, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 166, 167 128, 131, 132, 134, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 152, 153, 162, 165 Essay 187, 189, Why Study Social Psychology? Multiple Choice 168, 172 169, 170, 171, 173, 175 174 Essay 191 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition Multiple Choice Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. In the introduction to Chapter 1, you read about a number of social phenomena: selfless and selfish actions performed during the COVID pandemic; a sister and brother disagreed on the attractiveness of the same fraternity; and more than 800 people committed mass suicide in Jonestown, Guyana. What do these examples have in common? a. They defy explanation. b. They describe socially deviant behavior. c. They reveal the power of social influence. d. They reflect the operation of deliberate persuasion attempts. Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. The scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people is the definition of . a. psychology b. personality psychology c. social psychology d. sociology Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. Social psychology is the study of how affect(s) the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of humans. a. live social interactions with other humans b. the presence of real or imagined other people c. other living things d. perceptions of the social world Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 4. Which of the following is an example of social influence? a. You concoct a convincing lie to tell your professor about why your assignment was late. b. When you get hungry, you have trouble concentrating. c. You didn’t do well on an exam because you stayed up all night cramming. d. You almost fall asleep while driving, so you pull to the side of the road to take a short nap. 2 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 5. E’Lisha agrees to spend all day Saturday helping her friend complete her chores, even though she doesn’t want to, had other plans, and doesn’t even like her friend all that much. It’s likely E’Lisha’s friend used the skillful application of to get her to agree to help. a. social influence b. her mere presence c. obedience d. threat Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 6. Which example illustrates a direct persuasion attempt? a. A bully threatens Billy and steals his lunch money. b. Ramona works hard in school to make her mother proud. c. Felipe thinks of his ex-boyfriend and becomes sad. d. Jason moves from New York to Atlanta and develops a Southern accent. Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 7. Not all social influence is direct or deliberate. Compared to the others, which example BEST illustrates indirect or subtle social influence? a. An nationwide advertising campaign is launched to promote a new soft drink. b. A senatorial candidate delivers a speech to convince voters that she is not really liberal. c. A parent disciplines a child by taking away a favorite toy. d. A child sees other kids wearing their T-shirts inside out and starts wearing a T-shirt the same way. Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 8. From across the room, Xiao sees his mother sigh, and he approaches to give her a hug in hopes of cheering her up. In this case, Xiao’s behavior is an example of a(n) social influence attempt. a. direct b. ineffective c. indirect d. unintended Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult 3 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 9. Jada gives Winston her dessert at lunch because she wants him to like her. Jada’s behavior is an example of . a. social cognition b. a direct social influence attempt c. a construal d. the fundamental attribution error Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 10. Which of the following is an example of social influence? a. A boy plays basketball in the schoolyard during recess. b. Your child tells you she likes participating in art at school, but she doesn’t like participating in math. c. You cover your mouth when you cough because you don’t want to spread germs. d. You perceive the bathwater as hot when you first get in but don’t notice the temperature ten minutes later. Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 11. When social psychologists conduct research, they seek to answer their questions of interest by using experimentation and measurement. By doing so, they are asking questions. a. empirical b. unsolvable c. common sense d. philosophical Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 12. Rather than relying on the personal opinions of others, Dr. Miyaka wants to answer research questions using experimentation and measurement. Dr. Miyaka is interested in asking questions. a. intuitive b. rhetorical c. empirical d. contemplative Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 13. How do philosophers and social psychologists differ in their approach to understanding human behavior? 4 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition a. Social psychologists, like all scientists, rely on experimentation and measurement to answer empirical questions, whereas philosophers typically do not. b. Philosophers tend to answer important questions about the origins of human behavior, whereas social psychologists tend to focus on simpler behaviors. c. Social psychologists rely on folk wisdom, popular consensus, and personal opinions to derive an answer to their questions of interest; philosophers rely on direct empirical evidence. d. Philosophers generally agree with one another in their conclusions, whereas disagreements among social psychologists mean few advances have been made over the years. Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 14. The philosopher Benedict (Baruch) de Spinoza proposed the idea that when you love someone whom you used to hate, you . a. love that person more strongly than if hatred had not preceded the love b. love that person less strongly because hatred preceded the love c. cannot ever love that person fully d. will always question the sincerity of the love Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. Why do social psychologists tend to not just simply ask people about the reasons driving their behavior? a. there is clear evidence that the vast majority of people lie about their behavior when asked by a researcher b. social psychologists rely on logic and deduction to answer their questions of interest; they wouldn’t bother to ask people such a question about their behaviors c. people might not know, might not want to tell, or might not understand the reasons for their own behavior d. social psychologists are only interested in group behavior, rather than the behavior of individuals Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 16. Juano thinks the idea that “birds of a feather flock together” has more merit than “opposites attract,” so he designs an experiment to test his hypothesis and identify the conditions under which this assumption might be correct. Juano is most likely a . a. personality psychologist b. social psychologist c. sociologist d. journalist Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 5 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition 17. Social psychology is set apart from other ways of interpreting social behavior, such as folk wisdom or literature, because it is . a. based on meditations about human nature b. an experimental science c. a purely theoretical science d. reliant on popular opinion Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 18. How do social psychologists differ from those who rely on common sense or folk wisdom in answering questions about human nature? Social psychologists . a. seldom disagree with one another b. ignore the notion of human consciousness c. use science to test hypotheses about the social world d. rely primarily on their own personal insights Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 19. Folk wisdom is considered to be a form of . a. empirical research b. self-consciousness c. common sense d. scientific explanation Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 20. Birds of a feather sometimes do flock together, and sometimes they do not. Opposites might attract under some circumstances and might not attract under others. Clarifying when, how, or why social behaviors take place reflects the importance of identifying a. the convergence of popular opinion that results in folk wisdom. b. universal laws of behavior. c. the conditions under which a behavior is likely to be seen. d. when philosophical explanations of behavior are correct. Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21. Jamal was confused by his sister’s relationship with her boyfriend. They just didn’t seem to have anything in common. “Oh well,” Jamal figured, “I guess opposites really do attract.” Jamal’s explanation is an example of . 6 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition a. folk wisdom b. philosophy c. sociology d. social psychology Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22. Angelo isn’t sure if he wants to date Marisol, with whom he shares many similarities, or Evangeline, who is very different from him. His friend says, “Opposites attract” and advises him to date Evangeline. But his brother says, “Birds of a feather flock together” and suggests that he pursue Marisol. This best exemplifies that . a. folk wisdom is often full of contradictions b. folk wisdom is usually wrong c. folk wisdom oversimplifies complex situations d. common sense is an individual difference Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 23. What role can folk wisdom play in social psychology? a. The two approaches are unrelated. b. It provides many ideas or hypotheses for scientific investigation. c. It has been completely disproven by scientific research. d. It tends to be more accurate and useful than social psychological research. Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 24. Why is a scientific approach preferable to reliance on folk wisdom and common sense? a. Common sense approaches focus on the situation and not on the personality of the people involved. b. Nothing useful can be learned from journalists, philosophers, or social critics. c. Science has tested and debunked most folk wisdom. d. Folk wisdom and common sense are filled with contradictions. Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 25. Why is conducting research in social psychology so challenging? a. Research results rarely allow social psychologists to draw any conclusions about behavior. b. Psychologists cannot study common sense because it is rarely expressed in observable behavior. c. Research in social psychology relies on self-report data, which is inherently inaccurate. d. Psychologists are attempting to predict the behavior of highly sophisticated organisms in complex situations. 7 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 26. In the context of social psychology, evolutionary theory is used to explain . a. social behavior in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time b. how humans utilize societies to target changes in their behaviors c. how the brain drives changing behaviors in a hostile environment d. how personality remains the same throughout the life span Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 27. A social psychologist asks, “Are there social behaviors that have genetic determinants that evolve through the process of natural selection?” This question is based in the perspective. a. sociological b. personality psychology c. evolutionary d. folk wisdom Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 28. Dr. Ramirez believes that, over time, men have developed an attraction to women who have a body type that will successfully support pregnancy or reproduction. Dr. Ramirez is most likely taking a(n) perspective on social psychology. a. biological b. evolutionary c. personality d. sociological Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 29. What is the best way to apply evolutionary theory to current social psychological concepts? a. Create novel hypotheses that can be tested experimentally b. Use intricate brain-scanning techniques to record social perceptions as they happen c. Understand how personality drives decision-making in the presence of others d. Test how environmental cues affect how we behave in groups Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 8 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 30. What is a limitation of applying evolutionary theory to social psychology? a. Evolutionary psychology is not a widely accepted perspective in psychology. b. Most researchers believe that evolution is not related to social behavior. c. Evolutionary psychology can only predict changes in genetics. d. There are debates about whether it is testable using the experimental method. Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 31. Amber and Julio are friends, but they differ in how neat they keep their rooms. According to personality psychologists, the distinction between the friends can be referred to as a(n) . a. hypothesis b. social influence c. direct persuasion attempt d. individual difference Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 32. Professor Takahami is a personality psychologist interested in understanding divorce. Compared to the others, which question is Dr. Takahami most likely to investigate? a. Have the changing social roles of women contributed to divorce? b. How does relationship satisfaction relate to divorce? c. Are some types of people more likely to divorce than others? d. Does the presence of children in a relationship reduce the likelihood of divorce? Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 33. How would personality psychologists most likely explain the mass suicide that took place in Jonestown, Guyana, in 1978? a. An increasingly complex society creates confusion and the need to belong to a group at any cost. b. People who have traits of being unstable are more likely to join cults. c. They wouldn’t try to explain it; personality psychologists are not interested in investigating suicide. d. A leader’s control over followers increases slowly over time, due to the effects of social influence. Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 34. Compared to social psychologists, personality psychologists are more likely to focus their attention on . a. subjective construals 9 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition b. positive behaviors c. individual differences d. rewards and punishments Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 35. When social psychologists discuss individual differences, they are discussing . a. genetic variation that occurs at a biological level b. differences in how people respond in different situations c. aspects of personality that make people differ from one another d. differences within a person in how to behave publicly versus privately Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 36. Social psychologists, as compared with personality psychologists, believe that by only paying attention to the influence of personality traits on behavior, what is being ignored? a. Genetic variation b. The role of social influence c. Individual differences d. Common sense Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 37. Like social psychologists, personality psychologists believe the appropriate level of analysis is . a. individuals, rather than collectives or institutions b. the cultural context in which behavior occurs c. customs and traditions that evolve within a specific culture d. mental construals that shape human behavior Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 38. Social psychologists and personality psychologists share what common goal? a. Understanding individual differences b. Understanding how the actual presence of others influences people c. Understanding people who have psychological disorders d. Understanding causes of human behavior Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology 10 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 39. When explaining another person’s behavior, we often assume that something about the person—and not the situation—caused the behavior. In this sense, laypeople are most like . a. sociologists b. personality psychologists c. social psychologists d. philosophers Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 40. “Are some people just better leaders than others?” Such a question about human nature is most likely to be asked by a . a. personality psychologist b. social psychologist c. philosopher d. sociologist Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 41. Although the fields of personality psychology and social psychology are related, what distinguishes social psychology from personality psychology? a. Social psychology uses rigorous scientific methods; personality psychology does not. b. Social psychologists examine an individual within a social context, whereas personality psychologists focus primarily on the individual. c. Social psychology examines the individual, whereas personality psychology examines broader societal issues. d. Social psychologists examine social situations, but not the individuals in them. Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 42. Although the fields of sociology and social psychology are related, what distinguishes social psychology from sociology? a. Social psychology uses observation to answer questions of interest; sociology relies on rigorous scientific methods. b. Social psychologists examine an individual within a social context, whereas sociologists focus primarily on the individual. c. Social psychology examines the individual, whereas sociology examines broader societal issues and societal structures. d. Social psychologists examine social situations, but not the individuals in them. Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. 11 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 43. Which question is most likely to be asked by a social psychologist? a. Are some kinds of people more susceptible than others to recruitment into cults? b. Do some types of people make better leaders than others? c. Are some individual characteristics genetically determined? d. What situations cause people to behave rudely? Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 44. Rahid’s server in the restaurant just can’t seem to get his order right. If Rahid is thinking more like a trained social psychologist than a typical layperson, what would he be most likely to think? a. “This person is a chronic dolt.” b. “The waiter is a simpleton.” c. “Maybe this person has had a bad morning.” d. “Human beings are inherently lazy.” Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 45. Shanika is an executive, and she’s asked her assistant repeatedly to make some copies for her. The assistant failed repeatedly to successfully complete the assignment. If Shanika is thinking about this situation as a social psychologist would, what is she most likely to conclude about her assistant? a. “My assistant is incompetent and I should fire him immediately.” b. “All of my subordinates are incompetent.” c. “I am the only intelligent person in this office.” d. “Perhaps my assistant is distracted by some stressor in his life.” Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 46. Social psychologists tend to be more focused on , and personality psychologists tend to focus more on . a. global issues; mental health b. societal problems; therapies for psychological disorders c. how people are unique; how people are similar d. the influence of the situation on a person’s behavior; individual differences Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 12 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition 47. Which statement BEST reflects a social psychological point of view? a. I’ll hire Ingo to house-sit because he seems like a trustworthy type. b. Esme won the competition because she is a hardworking person. c. Fred offered to help because there was a certain someone watching whom he wanted to impress. d. Janet’s love for Jessica is an unconscious reflection of her childhood idealization of her mother. Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 48. Dr. Gunderson is interested in documenting how the collapse of traditional family structures contributes to juvenile delinquency. Dr. Gunderson is most likely a . a. clinical psychologist b. personality psychologist c. philosopher d. sociologist Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 49. Thomas is scrupulously honest when it comes to not cheating on his college tests and papers, but when a cashier accidentally gives him too much change, he keeps the extra money. A social psychologist would most likely say that Thomas’s behavior . a. reflects moral immaturity because of its inconsistency b. is influenced by the social setting he is in c. is chaotic and unpredictable d. reflects his true immoral nature Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 50. By level of analysis, which sequence reflects the narrowest to broadest focus? a. Personality psychology, social psychology, sociology b. Personality psychology, sociology, social psychology c. Sociology, personality psychology, social psychology d. Social psychology, sociology, personality psychology Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 51. Which social phenomenon would be of interest to both social psychologists and sociologists? a. The variation in unemployment between China and the United States b. The role of competition between groups in increasing intergroup aggression 13 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition c. The relation between murder rates and social class d. Teaching frustrated people alternatives to responding with aggression Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 52. Consider the following research question: “Have no-fault divorce laws increased the rate of divorce in the United States?” This question is most likely to be asked by a . a. personality psychologist b. sociologist c. social psychologist d. philosopher Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 53. Consider the following research question: “How has new computer technology changed the U.S. educational system?” This question is most likely to be asked by a(n) . a. social psychologist b. personality psychologist c. sociologist d. evolutionary psychologist Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 54. Dr. Sardonicus studies how people’s lowered levels of self-esteem, resulting from feedback about their cognitive performance on a test, affects their tendency to then discriminate against others. Dr. Sardonicus is most likely to be a . a. social psychologist b. sociologist c. personality psychologist d. political scientist Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 55. Both social psychologists and sociologists are interested in aggression. Compared with a sociologist, a social psychologist is most likely to ask which of the following questions? a. What is the effect of handgun laws on homicide rates in different states? b. Under what conditions does anger lead to aggression? c. Are homicide rates higher among people from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds? d. Do stiffer prison sentences deter homicide? Answer: B 14 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 56. Which question about romantic relationships is a sociologist most likely to ask? a. Why does absence make the heart grow fonder? b. Do outgoing people make better romantic partners? c. Is the capacity to love one of humanity’s greatest achievements? d. Why are marriage rates decreasing in urban areas? Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 57. The major difference between sociology and social psychology is the . a. kinds of topics studied b. level of analysis used c. reliance on philosophical ideas d. ability to apply knowledge to address social problems Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 58. One common goal of sociology and social psychology is to understand . a. how individuals function in modern society b. the processes of society at large c. how individuals are influenced by other people d. the influence of social factors on human behavior Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 59. Dr. Neal and Dr. Giuliano both study aggression. However, Dr. Neal studies the topic from the standpoint of society at large; Dr. Giuliano studies it from the standpoint of the individual in a social setting. Who is more likely to be the social psychologist? a. Dr. Neal, because she is studying a societal problem b. Dr. Giuliano, because she focuses on individuals c. They could both be social psychologists, since they both study aggression. d. Neither one is a social psychologist. Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 15 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition 60. Social psychologists differ from sociologists in that social psychologists . a. are interested in how social institutions, such as political affiliations or education levels, change over time b. are concerned with people’s construals of their social environments c. advocate the use of common sense to explain complex social behaviors d. are reliant on the insights of philosophers Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 61. When social psychologists talk about construals, what are they referring to? a. How individual differences in observable behavior are produced by genetic variations b. The way in which social structures break down and reform over time c. How the individual in society is more important than either the individual or society alone d. The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 62. “Americans focus on the deer, and not the forest it lives in.” What does this saying mean in the context of explaining behavior? a. People first weigh the situation in which a behavior occurs, then they weigh the personality characteristics of the person doing the behavior. b. People tend to explain behavior in terms of personality characteristics; they don’t give enough weight to the social circumstances in which the behavior occurs. c. People assume that behavior exhibited by one person is likely to be exhibited by all people. d. People interpret the same behavior as applying to all people who share some surface similarities. Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 63. The fundamental attribution error occurs when . a. we underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on an actor's behavior b. we ignore the effects of dispositional qualities of the actor c. we overestimate situational influences and underestimate dispositional influences on an actor's behavior d. we perceive others to be more similar to ourselves than they really are Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.1 Define social psychology and distinguish it from other disciplines. Topic: Defining Social Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 64. The tendency most Americans have to discount situational explanations of behavior in favor of personality characteristics or traits is called the . 16 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition a. character bias b. discounting effect c. fundamental attribution error d. negativity bias Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 65. Keitha shows up for a blind date with her hair disheveled and a soup stain on her blouse. Her date, Jemaine, thinks, “She must be a total slob!” Jemaine’s conclusion about Keitha is an example of . a. the sociological imagination b. the fundamental attribution error c. a situational explanation d. direct social influence Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 66. Which definition of the fundamental attribution error is correct? a. People’s strong need to see themselves as reasonably good, competent, and decent b. The subjective way in which an object appears in people’s minds c. The influence of the real or imagined presence of others d. The tendency to underestimate the role of situational factors in influencing people’s behavior Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 67. Nanami and Marcello were playing in the den when Marcello’s mother entered the room and scolded them for making a mess. Nanami decided then and there that Marcello’s mother was a grouch. Nanami’s inference is an example of . a. the fundamental attribution error b. the positivity bias c. controlled thinking d. a self-fulfilling prophecy Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 68. Which person has fallen prey to the fundamental attribution error? a. Taffi, who explains her poor exam performance by pointing out how difficult the test questions were 17 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition b. Hans, who points to a person who fell down and says, “What a clumsy oaf!” c. Guillermo, who explains his girlfriend’s tears by saying, “She didn’t get enough sleep last night” d. Dien, who points to an erratic driver and says, “Look at that! The roads are slick tonight” Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 69. When Professor McDonald starts class, a student rushes in late, making a lot of noise and disrupting the entire classroom. Professor McDonald immediately labels the student as irresponsible. This is an example of . a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. a fundamental attribution error c. an intrinsic error d. discrimination Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 70. When we commit the fundamental attribution error, we the power of in determining a person’s behavior. a. overestimate; the situation b. overestimate; personal influence c. underestimate; personality characteristics d. underestimate; personal motivations Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 71. Which outcome is a consequence of underestimating the power of the social situation in which a behavior occurs? a. We perceive people as more inconsistent and variable than they really are. b. We overestimate our vulnerability to social situations. c. We tend to overcomplicate simple situations. d. We tend to oversimplify complex situations. Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 18 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition 72. Researchers at Stanford University found that people playing the Wall Street Game were competitive than people playing the Community Game, of individual differences in competitiveness and cooperativeness. a. more; because b. more; regardless c. less; because d. less; regardless Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 73. Reiko had a hypothesis about the outcome of the experiment in which participants were told they would play either the Wall Street Game or the Community Game. Reiko hypothesized that the players would respond based on their personalities, not just the name of the game they played. Her hypothesis is most likely based on which tendency? a. The self-fulfilling prophecy b. Cultural construals c. Direct social influence d. The fundamental attribution error Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 74. In an experiment in which participants were told they would play either the Wall Street Game or the Community Game, the personality traits of the participants . a. determined how participants played the game b. had no measurable effect on the participants’ behavior c. caused them to commit the fundamental attribution error d. meant the more competitive students did better on the Community Game Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 75. Participants previously identified as either competitive or cooperative were randomly assigned to play one of two games: the Wall Street Game or the Community Game (which, in reality, were identical games). Two-thirds of the players in the Wall Street Game behaved competitively, compared with one-third of the people who played the Community Game. What do these findings indicate? a. True personality differences do not exist. b. It is not important to study individual differences in personality. c. Seemingly minor aspects of a social situation can override personality differences. d. All the competitive people ended up playing the Wall Street Game. Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. 19 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 76. Researchers at Stanford University randomly assigned participants previously identified as cooperative or competitive to play a game that was labeled either the Wall Street Game or the Community Game. If their results had indicated that, no matter what the game, participants who were identified as competitive behaved more competitively in both groups than did participants who were identified as cooperative, these findings would have indicated that . a. seemingly minor aspects of a social situation can override personality differences b. cooperation and competition are based on personality characteristics that are consistent across social situations c. competitive participants in the Wall Street Game caused their partners to respond in kind d. cooperative participants in the Community Game caused their partners to respond in kind Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 77. When Monique plays checkers with her younger sister, she lets her sister win. When she plays with her older brother, she does everything she can to beat him. A social psychologist would suggest that . a. Monique’s personality is unstable b. Monique is ambivalent in how she feels about her siblings c. Monique is responding to different social situations d. Monique is blindly obedient to the rules of the game Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 78. Behaviorists argue that all learning is a result of . a. reinforcement and punishment b. interpretation c. emotional reactions d. Gestalt principles Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 79. Which psychologist was a primary proponent of behaviorism? a. Leon Festinger b. Daniel Wegner c. B. F. Skinner d. Kurt Lewin 20 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 80. In discussing the issue of parental discipline, which professional would be LEAST likely to remind parents that it is important to consider what the child thinks about being punished? a. A behaviorist b. A social psychologist c. A philosopher d. A journalist Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 81. Lihn tells her professor that her dog is very smart. Every time he hears the word “walkies,” he runs to get his leash and stands in front of the door. Lihn’s professor tells her that her dog has learned to do this because, in the past, pleasant walks always followed the word “walkies.” Lihn’s professor is most likely offering a explanation. a. behaviorist b. cognitive c. Gestalt d. comparative Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 82. Professor Jaffrey believes that children learn to be polite when they are reinforced for saying things like “please” and “thank you.” Professor Jaffrey is most likely a psychologist. a. Gestalt b. personality c. behavioral d. cognitive Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 83. Professor Srinivasan is a psychologist, yet she does not study cognition, thoughts, or feelings, because she claims they are vague terms that are not rooted in observable behavior. Professor Srinivasan is most likely a . a. Gestalt psychologist 21 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition b. personality psychologist c. clinician d. behaviorist Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 84. The behaviorist approach . a. has its historical roots in Gestalt psychology b. revolutionized psychology by introducing cognitive concepts c. claims that all learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment d. claims that although thinking and feeling cannot be directly observed, such concepts are essential for a complete understanding of human behavior Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 85. In trying to make sense of the mass suicide in Jonestown, a behaviorist would probably examine the . a. rewards and punishments that Jim Jones used to influence his followers b. prior mental health of the people who committed suicide c. attitudes and values of the people who committed suicide d. contents of the speeches that Jim Jones delivered to his followers Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 86. For a behaviorist, learning depends primarily on what happens a response. a. a little prior to b. after c. instead of d. immediately before Answer: B Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 87. “To understand humans, one needs only to know about environmental rewards and punishments.” This statement would most likely be endorsed by a strict . a. behaviorist b. Gestaltist 22 Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Aronson, Wilson, Sommers, Page-Gould, Lewis, Jr.: Social Psychology, 11th edition c. evolutionary psychologist d. personality psychologist Answer: A Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 88. Which question is a behaviorist most likely to ask? a. How does the person construe this situation? b. Are some types of people more likely to find praise reinforcing? c. Why is a smile perceived as a reward? d. What are the external rewards in this situation? Answer: D Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 89. A behaviorist would be most likely to focus on the role of in influencing behavior. a. reasoning and problem solving b. emotion and attitudes c. objective properties of the environment d. individual differences Answer: C Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize why it matters how people explain and interpret events, as well as their own and others’ behavior. Topic: The Power of the Situation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 90. Sandi raises her hand during her 6th-grade math class. Her answer is wrong, and the teacher scolds and teases her a bit. After that, Sandi doesn’t participate much in class. This situation is most compatible with a approach to understanding and predicting behavior. a. social cognition b. behaviorist c. self-esteem d. Gestalt Answer: