CCBC Nursing 160: Exam Four Prep Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers

What is Oxygenation? Correct Answer The process that maintains oxygen levels necessary for the survival of living cells. *The body requires oxygen for ENERGY!* How much of the air that we breathe is made up of oxygen? Correct Answer 21% air. *But oxygenation is not JUST the air we breathe! Also the level of exchange at the alveoli and at the level of the tissues.* What is a waste product of oxygenation? Correct Answer CO2! What is hypoxemia? Correct Answer Abnormally low levels of oxygen in the bloodstream. What is hypoxia? Correct Answer An insufficient or low level of oxygen in the whole body (tissues). What is oxygen delivery? Correct Answer The rate at which oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissues of the body. What is oxygen consumption? Correct Answer The rate at which oxygen is removed from the blood to be used by the tissues. Can alterations in systemic oxygenation affect other systems in the body? Correct Answer YES! Alterations in O2 can affect EVERY body system! Ex: 1. Homeostasis: acid-base balance affected (there should always be 20 bicarbs to every 1 carbonic acid). 2. Perfusion: need good blood supply to deliver O2 to the tissues. 3. Metabolism: changes in O2 can increase metabolic demand, thus leading to compensation. What is involved in the physiology of Oxygenation? Correct Answer 1. Oxygen transport: occurs because we breathe! We take in oxygen through respirations. 2. Respiration: the act of respiring; inhalation and exhalation of air; breathing---GAS EXCHANGE. 3. Ventilation: the movement of air between the environment and the lungs via inhalation and exhalation (essentially the same as respiration---the two go hand in hand). 4. Diffusion and Perfusion: O2 diffuses across alveoli and membranes. 5. Gas exchange: occurs at the level of the alveoli! What are the different types of *Protectants* used during Oxygenation? Correct Answer 1. *Filtration*: ex, cilia catch debris and irritants from obstructing the airway. 2. *Warmth and Humidification*: the upper airway (mouth and nose) warms and humidifies. Patients with trachs don't have this ability which can lead to irritation to their respiratory system. 3. *Epiglottis*: protects the trachea against aspiration. 4. *Cough Reflex*: occurs in the CNS; protective mechanism of the airway, therefore as long as it's not excessive a cough is a good thing. 5. *Mucociliary Escalator Mechanism*: The mucociliary escalator covers most of the bronchi, bronchioles and nose. The cilia are continually beating, pushing mucus up and out into the throat. The mucociliary escalator is a major barrier against infection. Microorganisms hoping to infect the respiratory tract are caught in the sticky mucus and moved up by the mucociliary escalator. Smoking seems to paralzye the cilia of the mucociliary escalator. 6. *Immunoglobulin A*: an antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity---acts as a defense mechanism to help protect the respiratory system. Can result in an accumulation of more fluids to that area, as well as swelling an inflammation. When this is excessive, it can actually make the respiratory problems worse. 7. *Alveolar macrophages*: the alveoli have their own supply of macrophages that "eat up the bad stuff." What are Cilia? Correct Answer Hair-like projections that line the bronchus to remove microbes and debris from the interior of the lungs. What is the difference between Inspiration and Expiration? How does the diaphragm move with each one? Correct Answer *Inspiration*: (the diaphragm drops down) - the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. - thoracic cavity size increases. - volume of the lungs increases. - intrapulmonary pressure decreases: intrapulmonary pressure must fall below atmospheric pressure to cause inspiration. - air rushes into the lungs to equalize pressure.