Wset level 3 questions and answers already passed

Wset level 3 questions and answers already passed 4. / Name 2 most important species of vine Vitis vinifera - eurasian American vines 4. / Disadvantage & Advantage of american vines ? Unattractive flavour of the wines But resistant to phylloxera - used for rootstocks 4. / What is phylloxera ? Vine pest (insect) that attacks vine's root Native from north america 4. / When was phylloxera introduced in europe ? End of 19th century 4. / How phylloxera destroy the vines ? Infection enter through the feeding wounds - vine is weakened and over a few year dies 4 / Places in the world without phylloxera ? Yes : chile, some parts of argentina and south australia. 4. / How to fight phylloxera ? - Strict quarantine for non affected areas. - plant american species or hybrid - Grafting vitis vinifera onto rootstock of american vines 4. / What are the 2 grafting techniques existing ? Bench grafting - in nurseries Head grafting - in vineyards 4. / What is the advantage of head grafting ? Quickly change an establish vineyards to a new grape variety taking advanyage of established root syst Grape at next vintage / instead of waiting 3 years Considerably cheaper than replanting 4. / Four sections of vines ? Green parts One year old wood Permanent wood Roots 4. / What are the leaves responsible for ? Photosynthesis 4. / What is photosynthesis process ? Plant use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen 4. / What are vine flowers representing ? Vine reproductive organs - both male and female 4. / What is inflorescences ? A bunch of vine flowers that if pollinated will become the bunch of grape. 4. / What is a buds ? An embryonic shoot for the following year forming at the joint of the leave and the shoot 4. / What are the roots functions ? - absorb water - absorb nutrients - anchor vine - store carbohydrates to survive winter 4. / Criteria for selecting a grape variety ? Taste Quality of fruit Budding time Ripening time Resistance to diseases 4. / Can a variety be grown or propagated through seeds ? No 4. / Name 2 techniques to grow or propagate grape variety without loosing unique qualities Cutting Layering 4. / Out of the 2 techniques used to grow grape variety which one is most common today ? Cutting - due to phylloxera risk 4. / Describe cutting principle A section of vine shoot that is planted and grows as a new plant Mainly in commercial nurseries 4. / What other term can be used instead of variety for a grape ? Cultivar 4 / describe layering principle Takes place in vineyard A cane is bend down and a section of it is buried in the ground, cane tip points upwards, buried section take roots, once roots established cane linking is cut 4. / What is clonal selection ? Selection of vine that show a particular set of unique characteristics following mutations 4. / One famous example of clones that generated new grape variety ? Pinot blanc and pinot gris are both mutations ( and therefore clones) of pinot noir 4. / How are new vine varieties created ? 1. Waiting for a random mutation to occur 2. Cross fertilisation 4. / Describe principles of creating a new varieties by cross fertilisation - pollen from male part of flowers transferred to female part of the flower of another vine = fertilisation - pollinated flower develops into a grape with seeds - seeds are planted and grows 4. / What are the 2 main approach in creating a new variety ? Cross pollination : Crossing - 2 parents from same species ( vitis vinifera mainly) Hybrids - 2 parents from different species 4. / 2 famous examples of crossings ? Muller thurgau = riesling x madeleine royale Pinotage = pinot noir x cinsault 4. / Why are hybrids and american vine crossing important ? Used as rootstock 4. / Is muller thurgau the result of hybrid, crossing or clonal selection ? Crossing ( between 2 vitis vinifera) 4. / Is pinot blanc the result of hybrid, crossing or clonal selection ? Clonal selection - mutation from pinot noir. Same for pinot gris. 4. / How many buds are kept on a cane ? 20 4. / How many buds are kept on a spur ? 2 to 3 5. /