BONENT REVEIW SECTION VIII WATER TREATMENT QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

Microbiological Inorganic Organic - The main group(s) of water contamminants is (are) Patient exposure to water is 25 times greater - Water can be considered safe for drinking, but not necessarily safe for dialysis treatment because the True - Aluminum, fluoride, and chloramine chemicals are added by municipalities to drinking water supplies Impurities and toxins can foul dialysis machines. Patients are exposed to a large amount of water. Impurities may enter the blood through the dialyzer and can cause toxicity. Calcium and magnesium can cause a hard water syndrome. - What are reasons for water treatment in dialysis units Hemolysis - Chloramine exposure during hemodialysis may cause True - Softening is defined as the exchange of calcium and magnesium ions for sodium ions. True - During softening, sodium levels are increased in proportion to the amount of calcium And magnesium removed Shall not exceed 200 cfu/mL - According to AAMI standards, the total microbial count of water use to prepare dialysate Shall not exceed 200 cfu/mL - According to AAMI standards the total microbial count for dialysate Monthly - According to AAMI standards bacteriological testing for water and dialysate should be done Yearly - According to AAMI standards when water purification devices are used testing for chemical contamminants in the water should be done at least Subtracting free chloramine from total chlorine - Testing for chloramine levels in a dialysis unit is done by True - Chloroform and reactive agents such as hypochloride are the main contaminants removed by carbon absorption 10 minutes - According to AAMI to remove chloramines effectively, the minimum empty bed contact time EBCT in the carbon tank is at least Cellulose membrane - Bleach can be used to disinfect the system Polyamide membrane - Tolerance of a wide pH range Thin film composites membrane - Subject to degradation by oxidants (such as free chlorine) Decreases - As the total dissolved solids (TDS) contents of the water increases, the product water recovery Fever,chill - Bacterial exposure from water may cause what symptoms Bacteria - What can be removed by filtration Absorption - Carbon tanks work on the principle of Multimedia filtration - The filter that removes particulates from the water is called To inhibit proliferation of algae - Sediment filtration should have an opaque housing Discourage bacterial colonization - A minimum flow velocity of 1.5 ft/sec through the feed line is needed to Dialy with audio and visual alarms - The correct frequency and method of monitoring exhaust levels for DI tanks are 1 megohm-cm - The minimum required resistivity measurement for a DI tank is Cations and anions - A mixed-bed deionizer tank contains 0.500 ppm - One megohm is equivalent to an ionic concentration of Sensitivity - The minimum amount of endotoxin that will cause a LAL preparation to clot is called the LAL Negative - If the LAL has a sensitivity of 0.25EU/mL and the unknown sample contains 0.5 EU/mL a test of the undiluted sample would be positive. If the diluted sample is diluted four fold so that it now contains 1/4 the original endotoxin, the test for the 1:4 dilution result would be 0.04 - The water sample has a conductance of 25 microSiemens/cm. what is the resistivity of that sample in megohms-cm? 720 - The water sample has a conductance of 1200 microSiemens/cm. what is the conductance in ppm? Regeneration - The chemical restoration of ion exchnage resins by treating them with acid and caustic is known as 1.0 grains/gallon of hardness - Soft water generally contains less than 95 - A reverse osmosis system has a feed water conductivity reading of 300 microSeimens/cm and a permeate conductivity reading of 15 microSiemens/cm. what percent salt rejection? True - Water moves fastest in the middle of the pipe False - Laminar flow is faster than turbulent flow True - Pressure drops continuously along a pipe in the direction of fluid movement.