NSG 6440 Practice Test ( PsychoTherapeutics questions fully solved)

Chapter Overview - Major types of psychotherapy include psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavior, cognitive, and individual, group, and family psychotherapy. Issues in psychotherapy include culture, gender, values, effective factors and types, and the evaluation of psychotherapy effectiveness. We'll also look at biomedical therapies such as drugs, brain stimulation, surgery, and lifestyle change. -Finally, we'll briefly consider the prevention of psychological disorders. Therapy Therapy refers to how mental disorders are treated, with the help of the knowledge base of psychology. Current Forms of Therapy Psychotherapy: an interactive experience with a trained professional, working on understanding and changing behavior, thinking, relationships, and emotions Combining Therapies Biomedical therapy: the use of medications and other procedures acting directly on the body to reduce the symptoms of mental disorders Combining Therapies -An eclectic approach uses techniques from various forms of therapy to fit the client's problems, strengths, and preferences. Combining Therapies Medications and psychotherapy can be used together, and may help the each other achieve better reduction in symptoms Noteworthy Schools of Psychotherapy Psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy _ Sigmund Freud's legacy carried on today. Noteworthy Schools of Psychotherapy - Humanistic, client-centered therapy Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow Noteworthy Schools of Psychotherapy - Behavior therapy, using classical operant conditioning _ B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov applied to people. Noteworthy Schools of Psychotherapy - Cognitive thereapy, changing thoughts Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis, reducing errors and distress Psychoanalysis - The first formal psychotherapy to emerge was psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud. - Sigmund Freud's famous couch Psychoanalysis: Aims - Since psychological problems originate from childhood repressed impulses and conflicts, the aim of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can deal with them. - When energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts is released, the patient's anxiety lessens Psychoanalysis Resistance: the therapist notices times when the patient seems blocked in speaking about certain subjects Psychoanalysis Dreams: there may be themes or "latent content" behind the plot of a patient's dream Psychoanalysis Transference: the patient may have reactions toward the therapist that are actually based on feelings toward someone from the past Psychoanalysis: Criticisms 1. Psychoanalysis is hard to refute because it cannot be proven or disproven. 2.Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is very expensive. Psychodynamic Therapy - Influenced by Freud, in a face-to-face setting, psychodynamic therapists understand symptoms and themes across important relationships in a patient's life. - Interpersonal psychotherapy, a variation of psychodynamic therapy, is effective in treating depression. It focuses on symptom relief here and now, not an overall personality change. Humanistic Therapies - Humanistic therapists aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. Style of the Client-Centered Therapist Let insight and goals come from the client, rather than dictating interpretations. Being non-directive Let insight and goals come from the client, rather than dictating interpretations. Being genuine Be yourself and be truthful; don't put on a therapist façade. Being empathetic Demonstrate careful attention to the clients' feelings, partly by reflecting what you hear the client saying. Showing Empathy Through Active Listening -Showing Empathy Through Active Listening -Client-centered therapists show that they are tuning in to clients' feelings and meanings. -Summarize, paraphrase "So your father wasn't around much?" -Invite clarification and elaboration -"When you say 'anxiety,' what does that feel like to you? What is going on in your body and thoughts?" Reflect Feelings "It seems like you are disappointed; am I right?" Behavior Therapy - Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. - To treat phobias or sexual disorders, behavior therapists do not delve deeply below the surface looking for inner causes. Classical Conditioning Techniques - Counterconditioning is a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors. - It is based on classical conditioning and includes exposure therapy (systematic desensitization) and aversive conditioning. Operant Conditioning - Operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification, in which desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished. - In institutional settings, therapists may create a token economy in which patients exchange a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats. Cognitive Therapy - Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy - Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify behavior. - Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy). Family Therapy - Having a session with the whole family, at home or in the office, allows the therapist to work on the family system, that is, the family's patterns of alliances, authority, and communication. A related modality is couples/marital therapy. Group Therapy - Group therapy assembles about six to nine people with related needs into a group, facilitated by a therapist, to work on therapeutic goals together. The benefits include: less cost per person. more interaction, feedback, and support. clients realize others share their problems and they are not alone. Self-Help Groups - Self-help groups are led by group members instead of a therapist. -They can be much larger than group therapy, with less interaction. -The focus is more on support rather than on working on goals during the group session. Outcome Research - How can we objectively measure the effectiveness of psychotherapy? - Meta-analysis of a number of studies suggests that thousands of patients benefit more from therapy than those who did not go to therapy. Outcome Research - Research shows that treated patients were 80% better than untreated ones. The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies - Which psychotherapy would be most effective for treating a particular problem? Disorder/Therapy Depression: Behavior, Cognition, Interpersonal. Anxiety: Cognition, Exposure, Stress Inculation. Disorder/Therapy Bulimia: Cognitive-behavior Phobia: Behavior Bed Wetting: Behavior Modification.