EKG practice test Questions and Answers

What is the force the heart has to push against? - ANSWER-Afterload What is the point of the heart that points inferiorly toward the left hip? - ANSWER-apex of the heart The top chambers of the heart that are separated by interatrial septum are called? - ANSWER-atria This is located b/t the atria and ventricles - ANSWER-Atrioventricular valve AKA: AV valve The valves of the heart are..... - ANSWER-flaps of fibrous tissue firmly anchored to the Anuli fibrosi Cordis. Prevent backflow. What is valve b/t the right atrium and right ventricle? - ANSWER-Tricuspid valve What is the valve b/t the left atrium and left ventricle? - ANSWER-Bicuspid/ Mitral valve What do you call the broad flat part of the heart that points toward the right shoulder? - ANSWER-base of the heart The amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 min is called? and what is its normal? - ANSWER-Cardiac Output 4-8 L These are tendens that hold the AV valve in place so it prevents it from swinging upward into the atria.... - ANSWER-Chordae Tendineae This drug effect on the heart will change the heart rate? - ANSWER-Chronotropic effect A drug that has chronotropic effects can be _______ or ________? - ANSWER-positive or negative A positive chronotropic drug effect will _____ hr? - ANSWER-increase A negative chronotropic drug effect will _____ hr? - ANSWER-decrease This is the resting phase of the heart? - ANSWER-Diastole What is the inner most layer of the heart called? It is continous with the inner layer of blood vessels. - ANSWER-endocardium What is the outer most layer of the heart called? Its the outer surface and great vessels. - ANSWER-Epicardium What drug effect effects the strength of the contractions of the heart? - ANSWER-inotropic effect A positive inotropic effect increases _______ of heart. - ANSWER-strength A negative ______ effect decreases strength of heart. - ANSWER-inotropic What is the middle muscle layer of the heart? It consists of bands of muscle fibers that contract creating the pumplike action needed to pump blood through. - ANSWER-Myocardium This is the outer covering layer? A double wall sac around the heart. - ANSWER-Pericardium The primary Function of the Pericardium is to? - ANSWER-PROTECT the heart ANCHOR heart to structures PREVENT heart from overfilling Refers to the defree that the myocardial fiver is stretched prior to contraction. also related to volume, when the heart chambers fill with blood? - ANSWER-Preload Where is the preload best measured at? - ANSWER-vena cava You have two semilunar valves what are they called? - ANSWER-Pulmonary semilunar and Aortic semilunar The pulmonary semilunar valve is the ______ tract of the right ventricle? - ANSWER-outflow The aortic semilunar valve is the outflow tract of the the ____ ventricle? - ANSWER-left During _____ phase the semilunar valves prevent back flow of blood into the ventricles? - ANSWER-Diastole During ______ phase the pulmonary pumps blood to the ______? - ANSWER-Systole lungs During systole phase the aortic valve pumps blood to _____? - ANSWER-Aorta What is the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each contraction or systole? - ANSWER-Stroke Volume What is the stroke volume Equation? - ANSWER-SV=CO/HR The normal stroke volume is - ANSWER-60-130 ml This is the contraction phase of the heart? - ANSWER-Systole Your heart contractions will decrease from anything that stimulates this nerve? - ANSWER-Vagal manuver When baring down on a closed glottis, stimulation of the vagal reflex, drops HR, this is called what manuver? - ANSWER-valsaliva This return comes back through the vena cave.... - ANSWER-venous Venous return can be decreased from ___________? - ANSWER-Positive intrathoracic pressure ___% of the body's total blood is in the venous system - ANSWER-60 Name the 4 chamber of the heart? - ANSWER-Right/ Left Atriums Right/ Left Ventricles Name the 4 valves of the heart? - ANSWER-Tricuspid Bicuspid/ Mitral Pulmonary semilunar Aortic semilunar Name the 4 major vessels of the heart? - ANSWER-superior/inferior vena cava pulmonary trunk and L/R branches Pulmonary veins Ascending aorta If preload is decreased what effect would it have on your cardiac output? - ANSWER-it would decrease it also If afterload is increased what effect would it have on the work out on the left heart? - ANSWER-Increase it too What supplies the: right atrium inferior wall of the right ventricle 1/2 of the anterior surface of the left ventricle - ANSWER-Right CA What supplies the: left ventricle lateral wall of the left ventricle anterior surface of the left ventricle part of the right ventricle - ANSWER-Left CA Your venous blood flow returns to the heart through? - ANSWER-the coronary sinus into the right atrium What systems innervate to affect HR? - ANSWER-parasympathic and sympathetic Stimulation of the sympathetic system ______ the force of what? - ANSWER-increases contraction, HR, BP, and CO Stimulation of the parasympathetic system ________ the what? - ANSWER-decreases HR What are located on the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch, and detect changes in BP? - ANSWER-baroreceptors A decrease in Bp will ______ the HR - ANSWER-increase it What detects changes in blood chemistry? EX: CO2, PaCO2, Pao2 - ANSWER-Chemoreceptors What chemoreceptors are located in the medulla and respond to CO2? - ANSWER-central what chemoreceptors are located in aortic and carotid bodies, and respond to O2 < 60 mmhg? - ANSWER-Peripheral What drug effect effects the speed of conduction through the AV junction? - ANSWER-dromotropic drugs This corresponds with the onset of the QRS complex to approimately the peak of the T wave? - ANSWER-Absolute Refractor Period _____ cells cannot be stimulated to conduct an electrical impulse, no matter how strong the stimulus in what period? - ANSWER-cardiac absolute refractor period What wave represents when the heart is trying to rest? - ANSWER-T wave A reflection of the difference in the concentration of ions across a cell membrane at any given time is called? - ANSWER-the action potential During action potential, postive and neg ions change across the membrane, once they switch the cell cannot be __________ again. - ANSWER-stimulated What is the absence of a normal rhythm? - ANSWER-arrhythmia The ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to spontaneously initiate an electrical impulse without being stimulated from another source is called what? - ANSWER-automaticity The AV junction makes up what? - ANSWER-av node and bundle of HIS What node is a bundle of specialized cells located in the lower portion of the right atrium? - ANSWER-AV node What is the function of the AV node? - ANSWER-delays the electrical impulse in order to allow the atria to contract and complete filling the ventricles What are the two cell types of the cardiac cells? - ANSWER-Myocardial cells and Electrical cells Which cells primary function is contraction and relaxation? - ANSWER-myocardial cells What cells are responsible from electrical conduction, generation and conduction of electrical impulses? - ANSWER-electrical cells What is the property of electrical cells? - ANSWER-conduct electrical impulses but they are automatic ( have automaticity) What are the 4 characteristics of cells? - ANSWER-exciteablity automaticity conductivity contractility This characteristic makes cardiac cells irritable, making them fire easily and contract. - ANSWER-exciteablility This characteristic can spontaneously generate an impulse at any time. - ANSWER-automaticity What characteristic can conduct an impulse from one place to another, that has a domino effect? - ANSWER-conductivity Conductivity is supposed to go from top of the heat to bottom, but if it starts in the middle, the heart gets what at the same time? - ANSWER-2 impulses This is the ability of cardiac cells to shorten, causing cardiac muscle contraction in response to an electrical stimulus? - ANSWER-contractility