Human Anatomy and Physiology Exam #1questions and answers 2022

Human Anatomy and Physiology Exam #1questions and answers 2022anatomy the branch of science that studies the structure of body parts physiology the branch of science that studies what body parts do and how they function 00:12 01:08 subatomic particles particles that make up atoms (protons, neutrons, & electrons); first structure in the levels of organization in the body atoms the basic unit of matter; second structure in the levels of organization in the body molecules atoms that bind together form this; third structure in the levels of organization in the body macromolecules small molecules that combine to form larger molecules are called this; fourth structure in the levels of organization in the body organelles cell structures that are composed of macromolecules; fifth structure in the levels of organization in the body cell the basic unit of structure and function of life, composed of organelles & organic molecules; sixth structure in the levels of organization in the body tissues specialized group of cells that are organized into layers or masses that have specific functions; seventh structure in the levels of organization in the body organs complex structures with specialized functions that are composed of groups of different tissues; eighth structure in the levels of organization in the body organ systems groups of organs that function closely together; ninth structure in the levels of organization in the body organism what interacting organ systems make up; tenth structure in the levels of organization in the body 00:02 01:08 metabolism physical and chemical processes that occur in the body that release and utilize energy; necessary for life movement a change in position of the body or of a body part, the motion of an internal organ; a characteristic of life responsiveness a reaction to a change taking place inside or outside the body; a characteristic of life growth the increase in body size without change in shape; a characteristic of life reproduction the production of new organisms and new cells; a characteristic of life respiration obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods; a characteristic of life digestion the breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used; a characteristic of life absorption passage of substance through membranes and into body fluids; a characteristic of life circulation the movement of substances from place to place in body fluids; a characteristic of life assimilation the changing of absorbed substances from place to place in body fluids; a characteristic of life excretion the removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions; a characteristic of life water the most abundant substance in the body that is essential for metabolic process; a requirement for an organism food substances that provide organisms with nutrients for building new living matter; a requirement for an organism oxygen gas that makes up about one-fifth of the air that is necessary for the release of energy; a requirement for an organism heat a form of energy that is present in our environment that governs the rate of chemical reactions; a requirement for an organism temperature a measure of the amount of heat present pressure an application of force on an object or substance; a requirement for an organism atmospheric pressure the force acting on the outside of a land organism due to the weight of air hydrostatic pressure a pressure exerted by a liquid due to the weight of water above them extracellular fluid fluid present outside the cells intracellular fluid fluid presents inside the cells internal environment conditions within the fluids surrounding the body cells homeostasis the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite the changes occuring in the external environment homeostatic mechanisms self-regulating control systems in the body that maintains homeostasis receptors provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment; stimulus - when a change occurs in the internal environment; component of homeostatic mechanisms control center includes a set point and tells what a particular value should be, change is compared to the set point; component of homeostatic mechanisms effectors elicit responses that alter conditions in the internal environment and change is corrected; component of homeostatic mechanisms hypothalamus the control center of the brain negative feedback mechanism in which a change in the body is recognized and compared against the accepted homeostatic value (set point), if the change is too far away from the set point value the body creates a response to return the internal environment to homeostasis positive feedback mechanism in which a change in the body occurs that requires a temporary but immediate response, that response involves allowing the body to deviate from the set point value in order to correct an error somewhere; once the error is corrected, the body quickly returns to homeostasis axial portion of the body that includes the head & trunk appendicular portion of the body that includes the upper & lower limbs cranial cavity cavity that contains the brain spinal cavity aka the vertebral canal; cavity that contains the spinal cord and surrounded by vertebrae thoracic cavity the cavity in the body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and contains the lungs and heart abdominal cavity the cavity below the chest that contains organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines pelvic cavity the cavity bounded by the bones of the pelvis and contains the pelvic viscera such as the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the last part of the large intestine abdominopelvic cavity both abdominal and pelvic cavities that contains the organs of digestion, reproduction, & exocrine diaphragm a broad, thin muscles that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity mediastinum the part of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs that separates them; contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus oral cavity cavity that contains the teeth and tongue nasal cavity cavity located within the nose and divided into right & left portions by a nasal septum, contains the sphenoidal and frontal sinuses orbital cavities cavities that contain the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves middle ear cavities cavities that contain the middle ear bones parietal serous membranes line the walls of the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes visceral serous membranes cover the organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes serous fluid fluid secreted by serous membrane that lubricates tissues and allows visceral organs to slide without friction pleural membranes parietal and visceral membranes that line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs pericardial membranes parietal and visceral membranes that surround the heart and cover its surface pleural cavity the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura pericardial cavity the potential space between the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium peritoneal membranes membranes that line the abdominopelvic cavity and cover the organs inside peritoneal cavity the potential space between these membranes integumentary system [1] system that covers the body [2] includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, & sebaceous glands [3] protects underlying tissues, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, & synthesizes substances skeletal system [1] system that is composed of bones and the ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together [2] provides framework, protective shields, and attachments for muscles [3] produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts muscular system [1] system that includes all the muscles of the body [2] moves body parts, maintains posture, and produces body heat nervous system [1] system that consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs [2] receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets these impulses, and acts on them, stimulating muscles or glands to respond endocrine system [1] system that consists of glands that secrete hormones [2] hormones help regulate metabolism by stimulating target tissues [3] includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, & thymus digestive system [1] system that receives foods, breaks down nutrients into forms that can pass through cell membranes, and eliminates materials that are not absorbed [2] includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, & large intestine respiratory system [1] system that takes in and releases air and exchanges gases between the blood and the air [2] includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs cardiovascular system [1] system that includes the heart, which pumps blood, and the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from body parts [2] blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, & wastes lymphatic system [1] system that is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, & spleen [2] transports lymph from tissue spaces to the bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs [3] lymphocytes defend the body against disease-causing agents urinary system [1] system that includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary