BIO 252 LAB EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE – DIGESTIVE, URINARY, & REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY

BIO 252 LAB EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE – DIGESTIVE, URINARY, & REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY BIO 252 LAB EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE – DIGESTIVE, URINARY, & REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY Adbominopelvic cavity – extends from diaphragm to floor of pelvis. • UPPER DIVISION o Bound by abdominal wall and lumber vertebrae • LOWER DIVISION o Pelvic cavity; houses the organs of urinary and reproductive system. o Bound by bones of pelvis and sacrum Digestive system – begins with mouth, continues to neck, mediastinum, abdominal cavity, and terminates emptying into pelvic cavity. • Processes and absorbs nutrients into body Urinary system – eliminate wastes from body: filtering blood at the kidney. After series of tubes carry the filtered body, after modification  urinary bladder for temp. storage. • Terminates as it’s urethra carries urine out of the pelvis Reproductive system – organs primarily restricted to pelvis, but internal organs of reproductive system = close proximity to urinary system. Some males have continuous urinary and reproductive locations. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus • Oral cavity – extends from the labia (lips) to the end of soft palate, from tongue to hard palate, from cheek to cheek. • Lined by mucous membrane; specialized to produce saliva • SALIVA PRODCUED BY SALIVARY GLANDS: o Parotid o Submandibular o Sublingual ***Connected to oral cavity by exocrine ducts. • Oropharynx – food or drink are pushed here by tongue • Laryngopharynx – elevating hyoid, epiglottis is closed over the opening to larynx, and food or drinks are pushed here. • Esophagus – peristaltic contractions propel it to stomach Teeth • Total = 32, Upper row = 16, Lower = 16 (held with mandible) • 4 upper incisors – held in incisive bone; premaxilla • 2 upper canines – held in maxillary bone • 4 upper premolars – held in maxillary bone • 6 upper molars – held in maxillary bone (the 3rd molar = wisdom tooth) o Childhood: 1st set of teeth = deciduous teeth - 10 upper teeth = replaced by adult dentition o Adult: 3 adult molars - not formed in young children - not replaced after they erupt The Peritoneal Cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity: subdivided into abdominal & pelvic cavities, at roughly at level of pelvic brim (inlet) o Houses peritoneal cavity ( or coelom) – fluid filled cavity surrounding digestive viscera. - Digestive viscera: begin life in embryo suspended within a mesentery. - Mesentery: most organs retain connection to posterior wall of abdomen by this structure  Hold organs in place  Transmits blood vessel, lymphatic vessels, and nerves o Visceral peritoneum – serous membrane, covers digestive organs o Parietal peritoneum – lines the peritoneal cavity ***Membranes secrete the fluid that eliminates friction occurring b/w highly mobile digestive viscera & the abdominal walls The Stomach • Cardia – esophagus opens to stomach here • Fundus – superior to cardia, rounded roof of stomach • Body – (of) stomach tapes toward small intestine as the pylorus. • Pyloric Sphincter – strong muscle that gates entrance to the duodenum of small intestine. • Rugae – large folds formed by mucosa, flatten as stomach expands with food. • Greater omentum - a large, fatty, fold or peritoneal membrane hangs from greater curvature of stomach The Small Intestine and Accessory Organs • Duodenum – pyloric sphincter allows chime, partially digested food to enters here - 1st of three segments of the small intestine - Small (10”) C-Shaped segment - Site of secretions from pancreas and bile enter digestive tract • Hepatic Duct – bile from liver travels here • Gallbladder – stores excess bile • Cystic Duct – joins gallbladder with hepatic duct • Common bile duct – union of gallbladder and hepatic duct, which extends to the duodenum - a sphincter at this duct’s end regulates the release of bile to the duodenum The Small and Large Intestine • Jejunum – relatively short duodenum, which occupies the upper left quadrant abdomen • Ileum – third segment of small intestine, which occupies lower right quadrant • Cecum (of large intestine) – small sac; the ileum empties here at ileocecal junction • Appendix – site of attachment for cecum • Ascending, Transverse, Descending Colon – cecum is passed up, over, and down these structures • Sigmoid Colon – cecum passes through here after previous three structure • Rectum – where the sigmoid colon turns into pelvic cavity • Anus – a ring of muscle where rectum terminates Blood Vessels – arterial blood supply for digestive organ arises from abdominal aorta • Celiac Trunk – very large branch of the abdominal aorta, which branches into 3 smaller vessels, serve stomach, liver, and pancreas • Superior mesenteric artery – branch that serves virtually all of the small intestine. • 2 Renal arteries – located just below and lateral to superior mesenteric artery; serves kidney on corresponding. • Inferior mesenteric artery – supplies arterial blood to large intestine. • Hepatic portal vein – vessel where veins draining the digestive viscera empty - transports this blood into liver prior to entering major systemic circulation URINARY SYSTEM: Intro • Kidneys & Adrenal glands may appear to lie within peritoneal cavity BUT THEY DON’T. • Parietal peritoneum surround many abdominal viscera but not kidneys and adrenal glands. • The retroperitoneal cavity; posterior to peritoneal cavity is where the kidneys and adrenal glands lie, as well as aorta and vena cava. • Kidneys – filter large amounts of blood from renal arteries and produce urine as waste • Ureters – transmits urine to urinary bladder • Urethra – where urine passes out body from bladder Kidneys • Renal capsule – thin, tough covering of kidneys • Cortex – outer portion of kidney • Medulla – inner region of kidney o MADE OF:  Renal pyramids – segments that make up medulla  Separated by inward extensions of cortex tissue; renal columns  Contain collecting ducts that drain urine to minor calyces.  Renal pelvis – formed by convergence of minor calcyces to form major calyces.  eventually narrows to form ureter The Ureters and Bladder • Bladder receives urine from ureters • Ureters propel urine by smooth muscle contractions (peristalsis) • Small sphincters at junction of ureters and bladder = prevention of backflow from bladder The Urethra • Carries urine to exterior • Urethra o Females  Very short  Passes from base of bladder  muscular floor of pelvis  External urethral orifice lies anterior to opening of vagina o Males  Extends through prostate prior to exiting pelvis  Passes through floor of pelvis  surrounded by penis  Divided into 3 regions Prostatic portion  Passes through prostate Membranous portion  Passes through muscular floor pelvis Spongy (term comes from erectile tissue of penis; corpus spongiosum) portion.  Passes out pelvis and through penis  PENIS – 3 chambers  Corpora cavernosa: paired upper chambers.  Remain close throughout length of penis, BUT at base = divergence to attach inferior rami  Corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra  emerges from pelvis  forms glans of penis The Pelvic Cavity • Division b/w abdominal and pelvic cavities lies at pelvic brim (inlet) • Pelvic viscera = outside of and inferior to peritoneal cavity. • Females o Ovaries o Uterine tubes o Uterus o Vagina o Urinary bladder o Rectum • Males o Urinary bladder o Prostate (surrounding the urethra) o Rectum The Male Reproductive System • Seminiferous tubules – where spermatozoa are produced (in the lumen of ST) • Rete Testis – a collection of tubes the spermatozoa moves through as produced • Efferent ductules – sperm moves here after rete testis • Epididymis – sperm moves here after efferent ductules (mature sperm stored in tail of epididymis until ejaculation) • Ductus deferens – mature sperm propelled by peristalsis through DD - DD travel through anterior abdominal wall  pelvic cavity  lie on posterior wall of bladder - Seminal vesicles: DD joins with paired glands (SV) - Ejaculatory ducts: formation of the DD and SV together - Prostate Gland: ED empty here = semen can pass into urethra • Testes maintained 3°C cooler than body temp = optimal sperm production - Accomplished by network of veins; pampiniform plexus - Muscles in scrotum contract/relax to move testes relative to body The Female Reproductive System • Ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus lay b/w the urinary bladder & rectum (all in pelvic cavity) • Uterine tubes (2) – fallopian tubes join to form to body of uterus • Cervix – most inferior of uterus; muscular ring • Vagina – connects the uterus to exterior; a muscular tube  serve as both birth canal and organ of sexual intercourse • Infundibulum – ovulated oocytes (eggs) swept into structure • Fimbriae – fingerlike projections that sweeps eggs into infundibulum • Ampulla – place of fertilization (OR infundibulum) • Isthmus – forms from narrowing of the uterine tube UTERUS – 3 Parts & 3 layers Parts: 1. Upper fundus 2. Middle Body 3. Lower Cervix Layers: 1. Endometrium: • Inner subdivision is shed w/ each menstrual cycle; stratum functionalis • Deeper subdivision regenerates functionalis layer after each menstruation; stratum basalis 2. Myometrium: • Made of smooth muscle  contracts during labor = push fetus through cervical canal 3. Perimetrium: • Made of parietal peritoneum Cervical canal – passageway fetus must pass to enter vagina • Internal os (opening) • External os External genitalia – comprise the vuvla • Labia majora – covered skin that bounds EG • Labia minora – internal; merge anteriorly to form hood of clitoris • Clitoris – small erectile organ • External urethra orifice – posterior to clitoris; opening of urethra  opening of vagina follows