PATH 230 Test 2 Quizzes with 100% Correct
Solutions
Respiratory Center (Medulla Oblongata)
Located in the medulla of the brainstem; controls automatic breathing
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
Orthopnea
Dyspnea that occurs when lying flat; relieved by sitting up
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)
Sudden nighttime awakening with gasping for air
Hemoptysis
coughing up blood
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
Alternating deep and shallow breathing with periods of apnea; associated with CHF and
neurological conditions
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of skin/mucosa from low oxygen saturation
Apnea
Absence of breathing
, Hypercapnia (High PaCO₂)
Elevated CO₂ levels due to hypoventilation; causes acidosis, confusion, headache
Hypocapnia (Low CO₂)
Usually due to hyperventilation; leads to respiratory alkalosis
Severe Pulmonary Edema Sputum
Frothy, pink-tinged sputum because fluid is leaking into the airways
Hypoxemia
Low oxygen in the blood (low PaO₂)
Hypoxia
Low oxygen reaching tissues
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
A form of acute respiratory failure that results in severe hypoxemia and pulmonary edema that is
not caused by heart failure
Acute respiratory failure is characterized by:
Severe hypoxemia,
Pulmonary edema not caused by heart failure,
Crackles, dyspnea, refractory hypoxia,
High mortality (~40%)
Emphysema Most Common Presentation
Solutions
Respiratory Center (Medulla Oblongata)
Located in the medulla of the brainstem; controls automatic breathing
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
Orthopnea
Dyspnea that occurs when lying flat; relieved by sitting up
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)
Sudden nighttime awakening with gasping for air
Hemoptysis
coughing up blood
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
Alternating deep and shallow breathing with periods of apnea; associated with CHF and
neurological conditions
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of skin/mucosa from low oxygen saturation
Apnea
Absence of breathing
, Hypercapnia (High PaCO₂)
Elevated CO₂ levels due to hypoventilation; causes acidosis, confusion, headache
Hypocapnia (Low CO₂)
Usually due to hyperventilation; leads to respiratory alkalosis
Severe Pulmonary Edema Sputum
Frothy, pink-tinged sputum because fluid is leaking into the airways
Hypoxemia
Low oxygen in the blood (low PaO₂)
Hypoxia
Low oxygen reaching tissues
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
A form of acute respiratory failure that results in severe hypoxemia and pulmonary edema that is
not caused by heart failure
Acute respiratory failure is characterized by:
Severe hypoxemia,
Pulmonary edema not caused by heart failure,
Crackles, dyspnea, refractory hypoxia,
High mortality (~40%)
Emphysema Most Common Presentation
