Pharmacology Chapters 1-13 Study Guide
1. Drug: Any substance that is taken to cure, or reduce symptoms of a medical condition.
2. Pharmacology: The study of medicine.
3. Pharmacotherapy/Pharmacotherapeutics: Application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and
treatment of suffering.
4. Indications and Contraindications: The conditions for which a drug is approved are its indications. Every drug has at
least one indication. Some drugs are used for conditions for which they have not been approved; these are called unlabeled or ott- label
indications.
5. Therapeutic classification: -Based on their usefulness in treating a specific disease
-The key to therapeutic classification is to simply state what condition is being treated by the particular drug.
-The prefix anti- refers to therapeutic classification.
6. Pharmacologic Classification: -Addresses a drugs mechanism of action or how a drug produces its ettect in the body.
-More specific than therapeutic
-Requires biochemistry and pathophysiology
7. Chemical name: -Assigned using standard nomenclature.
-A drug has only one chemical name
-Helpful in predicting a drugs physical and chemical properties.
8. Generic name: Name assigned by the United States Adopted Name Council. Less
complicated and easy to remember.
9. Trade Name: Sometimes called the proprietary product, or brand name is assigned by the pharmaceutical company
,maketing the drug.
10. Exclusivity: Typical length of exclusivity for a new drug is 5 years.
11. Combination drug: Drugs with more than one active generic ingredient.
12. Pros and Cons of Generic Drugs: Generic drugs are less expensive than brand name drugs, by they may ditter
in bioavailability. (The rate at which drug produces its ettect.)
13. The nurses responsibility for knowledge in regards to pharmacotherapeu- tics...: Is what
drug is ordered including name and drug classification, intended or proposed used, ettects on the body, contraindications, special
considerations (how age, weight, body fat distribution, and pathophysiologic states attect pharmacotheraputic response), expected and
potential adverse events, why the drug was prescribed how the drug is supplied by the pharmacy, administration of the drug, and what
considerations apply to the patient.
14. The major goal to study pharmacology...: is to eliminate medication errors and to limit the
number and severity of adverse drug events.
15. To prevent medication errors RN's can: Routinely apply their experience and knowledge of
pharmacotherapeutics to clinical practice. It is vital the nurse be prepared to cognized and respond to potential adverse ettects of the
medication.
16. Pharmacotherapy and the older adult
(pharmokinetic and pharmodynamics).: Normal aging processes can alter pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics
responses to drugs.
17. Pharmacotherapy and the older adult
(absorption): Overall, absorption of nutrients and drugs tend to slow with aging.
18. Pharmacotherapy and the older adult (plasma levels drug concentration in tissues):
, Age related increases in fat storage cause lipid soluble drugs to be stored in the body for extended periods, leading to lower plasma
levels and increased drug concentrations in the tissues.
19. Age related changes in the liver: Include reduced hepatic function, decreased liver mass, dimin- ished blood
flow, and alteration in the activity of hepatic enzymes.
20. Frequency of administration for older adults: Should be decreased to avoid toxicity due to drug
accumulation.
21. Older adults and receptors: Pharmacodynamic changes are usually associated with drug receptors. Evidence
suggests that older adults have a decreased number of receptors.
22. The government agency that is responsible for regulating drugs in the Unit- ed
States.: FDA-Food and Drug Administration.
o Protect the public health.
o Speeding innovations that make medicines and food more ettective.
o Helping the public get more accurate information.
23. Overall process to get new drugs on the market.: o Step 1-Pre-Clinical research: Involves extensive
lab testing by the parmacutical company. If the drug appears promising the pharmaceutical company submits an investigational New drug
(IND) application. (contains animal testing)
o Step 2: After animal testing comes clinal phase trials which is the longest part of the approval process. The clinical trial has three
ditterent phases.
• Phase 1- testing is conducted on 20-80 healthy volunteers for several months to determine proper dosage and to assess for
adverse ettects. If unaccepted levels of toxicity are noted, trials are stoped.
• Phase 2- Several hundred patients with the disease are treated with drug. Compared with a placebo to test ettectiveness.
Also can be compared to a drug already available.
• Phase 3- Large numbers of patients with the disease are given the drug to determine patient variability. Patients with
1. Drug: Any substance that is taken to cure, or reduce symptoms of a medical condition.
2. Pharmacology: The study of medicine.
3. Pharmacotherapy/Pharmacotherapeutics: Application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and
treatment of suffering.
4. Indications and Contraindications: The conditions for which a drug is approved are its indications. Every drug has at
least one indication. Some drugs are used for conditions for which they have not been approved; these are called unlabeled or ott- label
indications.
5. Therapeutic classification: -Based on their usefulness in treating a specific disease
-The key to therapeutic classification is to simply state what condition is being treated by the particular drug.
-The prefix anti- refers to therapeutic classification.
6. Pharmacologic Classification: -Addresses a drugs mechanism of action or how a drug produces its ettect in the body.
-More specific than therapeutic
-Requires biochemistry and pathophysiology
7. Chemical name: -Assigned using standard nomenclature.
-A drug has only one chemical name
-Helpful in predicting a drugs physical and chemical properties.
8. Generic name: Name assigned by the United States Adopted Name Council. Less
complicated and easy to remember.
9. Trade Name: Sometimes called the proprietary product, or brand name is assigned by the pharmaceutical company
,maketing the drug.
10. Exclusivity: Typical length of exclusivity for a new drug is 5 years.
11. Combination drug: Drugs with more than one active generic ingredient.
12. Pros and Cons of Generic Drugs: Generic drugs are less expensive than brand name drugs, by they may ditter
in bioavailability. (The rate at which drug produces its ettect.)
13. The nurses responsibility for knowledge in regards to pharmacotherapeu- tics...: Is what
drug is ordered including name and drug classification, intended or proposed used, ettects on the body, contraindications, special
considerations (how age, weight, body fat distribution, and pathophysiologic states attect pharmacotheraputic response), expected and
potential adverse events, why the drug was prescribed how the drug is supplied by the pharmacy, administration of the drug, and what
considerations apply to the patient.
14. The major goal to study pharmacology...: is to eliminate medication errors and to limit the
number and severity of adverse drug events.
15. To prevent medication errors RN's can: Routinely apply their experience and knowledge of
pharmacotherapeutics to clinical practice. It is vital the nurse be prepared to cognized and respond to potential adverse ettects of the
medication.
16. Pharmacotherapy and the older adult
(pharmokinetic and pharmodynamics).: Normal aging processes can alter pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics
responses to drugs.
17. Pharmacotherapy and the older adult
(absorption): Overall, absorption of nutrients and drugs tend to slow with aging.
18. Pharmacotherapy and the older adult (plasma levels drug concentration in tissues):
, Age related increases in fat storage cause lipid soluble drugs to be stored in the body for extended periods, leading to lower plasma
levels and increased drug concentrations in the tissues.
19. Age related changes in the liver: Include reduced hepatic function, decreased liver mass, dimin- ished blood
flow, and alteration in the activity of hepatic enzymes.
20. Frequency of administration for older adults: Should be decreased to avoid toxicity due to drug
accumulation.
21. Older adults and receptors: Pharmacodynamic changes are usually associated with drug receptors. Evidence
suggests that older adults have a decreased number of receptors.
22. The government agency that is responsible for regulating drugs in the Unit- ed
States.: FDA-Food and Drug Administration.
o Protect the public health.
o Speeding innovations that make medicines and food more ettective.
o Helping the public get more accurate information.
23. Overall process to get new drugs on the market.: o Step 1-Pre-Clinical research: Involves extensive
lab testing by the parmacutical company. If the drug appears promising the pharmaceutical company submits an investigational New drug
(IND) application. (contains animal testing)
o Step 2: After animal testing comes clinal phase trials which is the longest part of the approval process. The clinical trial has three
ditterent phases.
• Phase 1- testing is conducted on 20-80 healthy volunteers for several months to determine proper dosage and to assess for
adverse ettects. If unaccepted levels of toxicity are noted, trials are stoped.
• Phase 2- Several hundred patients with the disease are treated with drug. Compared with a placebo to test ettectiveness.
Also can be compared to a drug already available.
• Phase 3- Large numbers of patients with the disease are given the drug to determine patient variability. Patients with
