PHGY 216 MIDTERM Exam
Study Guide – Practice
Questions with Answers.
Updated 2026
what is homeostasis - Ans✔✔-regulation of the internal environment around a
physiological set point
Required by cells and maintained through their specialized functions
How is endocrine system different from other phgy systems - Ans✔✔-has
glands dispersed throughout the body
What are the glands of the endocrine system like - Ans✔✔-dispersed
throughout the body
not connected structurally
form a coordinate system
all secrete hormones
what are the main 4 endocrine glands - Ans✔✔-pituitary
parathyroid
,thyroid
adrenal gland
also hypothalamus
How does the endocrine system work - Ans✔✔-uses hormones to make
homeostatic changes
what are 6 functions of the endocrine system - Ans✔✔-maintain constant
internal environment via regulation of metabolism and H2O/electrolyte
balance
adaptive stress response
growth and development
reproduction
RBC production
integrat w the ANS in regulating circ and digestive functions
what are hormones - Ans✔✔-chem substances secreted into the blood at low
quantity
exert phgy force at a distant target
what are the two main categories of hormones - Ans✔✔-hydrophilic
lipophilic
what are hydrophilic hormones like - Ans✔✔-highly water sol
low lipid sl
,unbound to carrier molec in the plasma
what are types of hydrophilic hormones - Ans✔✔-peptides
pro
amines
what are peptides like - Ans✔✔-hydrophilic hors
short chains of AAs
dissolved in plasma
how are peptides syn - Ans✔✔-pre hor are syn in ER ribos
pre hor travel thru ER and golgi and processed into act hor and packed into
secretory vesicles
these packed hor can be stored until cell recieves appropriate signal
when the signal comes exocytosis of the vesicle and the hor is released into the
blood
what are pros - Ans✔✔-longer chains of AAs
what are amines - Ans✔✔-single AA residues
what are the types of amines - Ans✔✔-catecholamines
thyroid
what are catecholamines - Ans✔✔-norepinephrine and epinephrine
, CAN BE FREE OR BOUND TO CARRIER MOLECULES
What hydrophilic hormone is different than most - Ans✔✔-catecholamines
cause can be free or bound to carrier molecules
what amine hors are not hydrophilic - Ans✔✔-thyroid
what are lipophilic hor - Ans✔✔-lipid loving
hi sol in lipid
low sol in water
req carrier molecule for transport thru out body
what are the types of lipophilic hor - Ans✔✔-amine thyroid
steroid
how are steroid hor syn - Ans✔✔-ex. cholesterol
prod by tissue (depends on the specific enzymes in the cell of the tissue)
because so lipophilic not stored but released when syn
how do u regulate lipophilic hors - Ans✔✔-regulate the synthesis
how do hydrophilic and lipophilic hor differ - Ans✔✔-hydrophilic = stored until
signal activates their release
lipophilic = not stored
Study Guide – Practice
Questions with Answers.
Updated 2026
what is homeostasis - Ans✔✔-regulation of the internal environment around a
physiological set point
Required by cells and maintained through their specialized functions
How is endocrine system different from other phgy systems - Ans✔✔-has
glands dispersed throughout the body
What are the glands of the endocrine system like - Ans✔✔-dispersed
throughout the body
not connected structurally
form a coordinate system
all secrete hormones
what are the main 4 endocrine glands - Ans✔✔-pituitary
parathyroid
,thyroid
adrenal gland
also hypothalamus
How does the endocrine system work - Ans✔✔-uses hormones to make
homeostatic changes
what are 6 functions of the endocrine system - Ans✔✔-maintain constant
internal environment via regulation of metabolism and H2O/electrolyte
balance
adaptive stress response
growth and development
reproduction
RBC production
integrat w the ANS in regulating circ and digestive functions
what are hormones - Ans✔✔-chem substances secreted into the blood at low
quantity
exert phgy force at a distant target
what are the two main categories of hormones - Ans✔✔-hydrophilic
lipophilic
what are hydrophilic hormones like - Ans✔✔-highly water sol
low lipid sl
,unbound to carrier molec in the plasma
what are types of hydrophilic hormones - Ans✔✔-peptides
pro
amines
what are peptides like - Ans✔✔-hydrophilic hors
short chains of AAs
dissolved in plasma
how are peptides syn - Ans✔✔-pre hor are syn in ER ribos
pre hor travel thru ER and golgi and processed into act hor and packed into
secretory vesicles
these packed hor can be stored until cell recieves appropriate signal
when the signal comes exocytosis of the vesicle and the hor is released into the
blood
what are pros - Ans✔✔-longer chains of AAs
what are amines - Ans✔✔-single AA residues
what are the types of amines - Ans✔✔-catecholamines
thyroid
what are catecholamines - Ans✔✔-norepinephrine and epinephrine
, CAN BE FREE OR BOUND TO CARRIER MOLECULES
What hydrophilic hormone is different than most - Ans✔✔-catecholamines
cause can be free or bound to carrier molecules
what amine hors are not hydrophilic - Ans✔✔-thyroid
what are lipophilic hor - Ans✔✔-lipid loving
hi sol in lipid
low sol in water
req carrier molecule for transport thru out body
what are the types of lipophilic hor - Ans✔✔-amine thyroid
steroid
how are steroid hor syn - Ans✔✔-ex. cholesterol
prod by tissue (depends on the specific enzymes in the cell of the tissue)
because so lipophilic not stored but released when syn
how do u regulate lipophilic hors - Ans✔✔-regulate the synthesis
how do hydrophilic and lipophilic hor differ - Ans✔✔-hydrophilic = stored until
signal activates their release
lipophilic = not stored
