NCC EFM COMPREHENSIVE EXAM TEST
BANK EXAM Q&A 2026 100% CORRECT.
◉ Pattern recognition & intervention. Answer: -FHR baseline ✓
-FHR variability ✓
-FHR accelerations ✓
-FHR decelerations ✓
-Normal uterine activity ✓
-Abnormal uterine activity ✓
-Fetal dysrhythmias ✓
-Maternal complications ✓
-Uteroplacental complications ✓
-Fetal complications ✓
◉ FHR Descriptors. Answer: 1) Baseline
2) Variability
3) Presence of accels
4) Presence of decels
5) Changes in trends overtime
, ◉ FHR Baseline. Answer: Average FHR rounded to nearest 5 during
a 10 min window
-110 to 160
-excludes accels, decels, & marked variability
-must have 2 mins to identify as a baseline (doesn't need to be
continuous)
◉ Fetal Bradycardia. Answer: <110 for ≥10 min
-Causes: hypotension (ex: after epi), cord prolapse, head compression,
congenital defect, rapid descent, abruption or rupture, tachysystole,
post dates, hypoglycemia, lupus (heart block)
-With ↓ O2, blood will be shunted to brain, heart, & adrenals,
eventually ↓ FHR to ↓ O2 demands of heart muscle
-Verify not mom's HR, vaginal exam (r/o prolapse), resuscitate,
evaluate arrhythmia, expedite delivery
◉ Fetal Tachycardia. Answer: >160 for ≥10 min
-Causes: fetal anemia, maternal fever or infection, fetal immaturity
(preterm), SVT, maternal anxiety (catecholamines), dehydration,
hyperthyroid, hypoxia
-Med causes: terbutaline, catecholamines (epinephrine, norepi)
-Assess mom's temp & infection risk (GBS, PROM)
◉ FHR Variability. Answer: Irregular in amplitude & frequency,
quantified by peak to trough
-Caused by sympathetic vs parasympathetic, r/t neuro maturity
, -Less in preterm due to undeveloped CNS
-Absent: undetectable, flat
-Minimal: ≤5 bpm but detectable
-Moderate: 6-25 bpm
-Marked: >25 bpm (indeterminate baseline), significance unknown
◉ Minimal variability. Answer: ≤5 bpm but detectable
Sleep, sedated, or sick
-Sleep cycle: 20-60 mins
-Sedated: CNS depressant (ex: mag), 1-2 hrs
-Sick (acidemia): unresolved w intervention
-Priority: maximize oxygenation (position, bolus, O2 if needed)
◉ Moderate variability. Answer: 6 to 25 bpm
-Reliably predicts the absence of metabolic acidosis (even w decels)
◉ FHR Accelerations. Answer: Reliably predicts absence of
metabolic acidemia (spontaneous or stimulated)
-Onset to peak in <30 sec
-For ≥32 wks: 15x15 (peak ≥15 bpm above baseline lasting ≥15 sec)
-For <32 wks: 10x10
-Prolonged accel: 2-9 mins (at 10 becomes change of baseline)
BANK EXAM Q&A 2026 100% CORRECT.
◉ Pattern recognition & intervention. Answer: -FHR baseline ✓
-FHR variability ✓
-FHR accelerations ✓
-FHR decelerations ✓
-Normal uterine activity ✓
-Abnormal uterine activity ✓
-Fetal dysrhythmias ✓
-Maternal complications ✓
-Uteroplacental complications ✓
-Fetal complications ✓
◉ FHR Descriptors. Answer: 1) Baseline
2) Variability
3) Presence of accels
4) Presence of decels
5) Changes in trends overtime
, ◉ FHR Baseline. Answer: Average FHR rounded to nearest 5 during
a 10 min window
-110 to 160
-excludes accels, decels, & marked variability
-must have 2 mins to identify as a baseline (doesn't need to be
continuous)
◉ Fetal Bradycardia. Answer: <110 for ≥10 min
-Causes: hypotension (ex: after epi), cord prolapse, head compression,
congenital defect, rapid descent, abruption or rupture, tachysystole,
post dates, hypoglycemia, lupus (heart block)
-With ↓ O2, blood will be shunted to brain, heart, & adrenals,
eventually ↓ FHR to ↓ O2 demands of heart muscle
-Verify not mom's HR, vaginal exam (r/o prolapse), resuscitate,
evaluate arrhythmia, expedite delivery
◉ Fetal Tachycardia. Answer: >160 for ≥10 min
-Causes: fetal anemia, maternal fever or infection, fetal immaturity
(preterm), SVT, maternal anxiety (catecholamines), dehydration,
hyperthyroid, hypoxia
-Med causes: terbutaline, catecholamines (epinephrine, norepi)
-Assess mom's temp & infection risk (GBS, PROM)
◉ FHR Variability. Answer: Irregular in amplitude & frequency,
quantified by peak to trough
-Caused by sympathetic vs parasympathetic, r/t neuro maturity
, -Less in preterm due to undeveloped CNS
-Absent: undetectable, flat
-Minimal: ≤5 bpm but detectable
-Moderate: 6-25 bpm
-Marked: >25 bpm (indeterminate baseline), significance unknown
◉ Minimal variability. Answer: ≤5 bpm but detectable
Sleep, sedated, or sick
-Sleep cycle: 20-60 mins
-Sedated: CNS depressant (ex: mag), 1-2 hrs
-Sick (acidemia): unresolved w intervention
-Priority: maximize oxygenation (position, bolus, O2 if needed)
◉ Moderate variability. Answer: 6 to 25 bpm
-Reliably predicts the absence of metabolic acidosis (even w decels)
◉ FHR Accelerations. Answer: Reliably predicts absence of
metabolic acidemia (spontaneous or stimulated)
-Onset to peak in <30 sec
-For ≥32 wks: 15x15 (peak ≥15 bpm above baseline lasting ≥15 sec)
-For <32 wks: 10x10
-Prolonged accel: 2-9 mins (at 10 becomes change of baseline)
