HS201 MAIN EXAMINATION SET QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Basic unit of carbohydrates - ✔✔monosaccharide: Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
✔✔2 monosaccharides linked together - ✔✔Disaccharides:Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
✔✔Complex carbs - ✔✔Made up of many monosaccharides linked together in chains
✔✔Starch - ✔✔Storage form of energy in plants, used for growth and reproduction
✔✔Fiber - ✔✔The part of the plant we cannot digest or absorb
✔✔Dietary Fiber - ✔✔found naturally in foods
✔✔Functional Fiber - ✔✔added in manufacturing
✔✔Soluble fiber - ✔✔Dissolves in water to form viscous solutions
Can be broken down by intestinal microflora
Includes: pectins, beta-glucans, some gums, mucilages
Food sources: oats, apples, beans, seaweed
Helps lower cholesterol, slow gastric emptying, normalize blood sugars
✔✔Insoluble fiber - ✔✔Cannot be broken down by bacteria in the large intestine
Does not dissolve in water
Derived from structural parts of plants such as cell walls
Includes: cellulose, lignin, some hemicelluloses
Food sources: wheat bran, rye bran, fruit & vegetable peels
Helps with constipation
✔✔Germ - ✔✔grain embryo, source of heart healthy fats, oils can go rancid
✔✔Endosperm - ✔✔food for new growing embryo
largest part of kernel
starchy
✔✔Bran - ✔✔Outer layer of kernel, has most fiber
✔✔Refined grain - ✔✔removes bran and germ, aka only endosperm, more shelf
stability
, ✔✔Fortification - ✔✔adding other nutrients
✔✔Enrichment - ✔✔adding nutrients back
✔✔Hormones affect blood sugar - ✔✔Insulin and glucagon
✔✔Glycemic response - ✔✔how quickly and how high blood glucose level rises after
consuming carbs
✔✔Lactose intolerance - ✔✔Some people lack lactase, enzyme needed to digest
lactose
Causes GI discomfort
Lactose intolerance is not an allergy
✔✔Type I (T1DM) - ✔✔autoimmune disease (pancreas attacks itself, doesn't produce
insulin), comes on early, no insulin
✔✔Type II (T2DM) - ✔✔lifestyle disease, more common in people who are
overweight/have unhealthy diet, insulin resistance= insulin that's there doesn't work as
well
✔✔Gestational diabetes (GDM) - ✔✔only occurs during pregnancy
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔Low blood sugar levels
Can occur with or without diabetes
Treatment: frequent small meals including protein
✔✔Nutritive Sweetener - ✔✔sugar (anything that contributes calories)
✔✔Non-nutritive sweetener - ✔✔no contribution to calories
will not affect teeth health or blood sugar
much, much sweeter than sugar
✔✔Hydrophobic - ✔✔water fearing, doesn't mix with water
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔Provide 9 kcal/g
Provide taste
Provide "mouthfeel"
✔✔Fatty Acids - ✔✔Building block for TG and phospholipids
✔✔Short Fatty Acid Chain (4-7 C) - ✔✔Liquid at room temperature
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Basic unit of carbohydrates - ✔✔monosaccharide: Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
✔✔2 monosaccharides linked together - ✔✔Disaccharides:Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
✔✔Complex carbs - ✔✔Made up of many monosaccharides linked together in chains
✔✔Starch - ✔✔Storage form of energy in plants, used for growth and reproduction
✔✔Fiber - ✔✔The part of the plant we cannot digest or absorb
✔✔Dietary Fiber - ✔✔found naturally in foods
✔✔Functional Fiber - ✔✔added in manufacturing
✔✔Soluble fiber - ✔✔Dissolves in water to form viscous solutions
Can be broken down by intestinal microflora
Includes: pectins, beta-glucans, some gums, mucilages
Food sources: oats, apples, beans, seaweed
Helps lower cholesterol, slow gastric emptying, normalize blood sugars
✔✔Insoluble fiber - ✔✔Cannot be broken down by bacteria in the large intestine
Does not dissolve in water
Derived from structural parts of plants such as cell walls
Includes: cellulose, lignin, some hemicelluloses
Food sources: wheat bran, rye bran, fruit & vegetable peels
Helps with constipation
✔✔Germ - ✔✔grain embryo, source of heart healthy fats, oils can go rancid
✔✔Endosperm - ✔✔food for new growing embryo
largest part of kernel
starchy
✔✔Bran - ✔✔Outer layer of kernel, has most fiber
✔✔Refined grain - ✔✔removes bran and germ, aka only endosperm, more shelf
stability
, ✔✔Fortification - ✔✔adding other nutrients
✔✔Enrichment - ✔✔adding nutrients back
✔✔Hormones affect blood sugar - ✔✔Insulin and glucagon
✔✔Glycemic response - ✔✔how quickly and how high blood glucose level rises after
consuming carbs
✔✔Lactose intolerance - ✔✔Some people lack lactase, enzyme needed to digest
lactose
Causes GI discomfort
Lactose intolerance is not an allergy
✔✔Type I (T1DM) - ✔✔autoimmune disease (pancreas attacks itself, doesn't produce
insulin), comes on early, no insulin
✔✔Type II (T2DM) - ✔✔lifestyle disease, more common in people who are
overweight/have unhealthy diet, insulin resistance= insulin that's there doesn't work as
well
✔✔Gestational diabetes (GDM) - ✔✔only occurs during pregnancy
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔Low blood sugar levels
Can occur with or without diabetes
Treatment: frequent small meals including protein
✔✔Nutritive Sweetener - ✔✔sugar (anything that contributes calories)
✔✔Non-nutritive sweetener - ✔✔no contribution to calories
will not affect teeth health or blood sugar
much, much sweeter than sugar
✔✔Hydrophobic - ✔✔water fearing, doesn't mix with water
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔Provide 9 kcal/g
Provide taste
Provide "mouthfeel"
✔✔Fatty Acids - ✔✔Building block for TG and phospholipids
✔✔Short Fatty Acid Chain (4-7 C) - ✔✔Liquid at room temperature
