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If Phonetics is a comparatively recent subject for European students of foreign languages and is eyed by them with some sus- picion as an invention that is meant to make their studies difficult, it is even more so with English Phonetics for African students. Have not Africans been learning English for over a century, and with good results in many cases, without giving a thought to its phonetics? Why introduce this new subject and add to the number of books they have to read and the number of exa...

The advanced practice psychiatric nurse realizes which of the following regarding workbook exercises in therapy? A . Workbook exercises are only an adjunct to treatment. B . Workbook exercises simplify the real work in therapy. C . Treatment manuals consistently correlate positively with treatment outcome. D . Use of workbook exercises and approaches promotes creativity and flexibility in the therapeutic process. According to Freud, failure to successfully accomplish the tasks of learning indep...

1.1 Background The world relies heavily on fossil fuels for most of its energy demands, and this has caused a lot of harm to the Earth. The increase of green-house gas levels in the atmosphere is largely due to the combustion of fossil fuels as a source of energy. This has caused global warming which has led to climate change, floods, forest fires, rising sea levels and the melting of glaciers. These are just some consequences of the over-reliance on fossil fuels for our energy demands. Solar en...

Important Information Relating to the PVL3702 Assignments You must note that the timeous submission of Assignment 01 will grant you admission for the PVL3702 examination. You must further note that you will be required to submit two (2) assignments for this module, however, ONLY one of these assignments will be marked and it is only the marked assignment that will contribute towards your semester mark. It is only after the due dates for the submission of both assignments have expired, will al...

Selective Cox-2 Inhibitors, Non Selective Cox- 2 Inhibitors, Paracetamol and other Non SelectiveCox-2Inhibitors Selective Cox-2 inhibitors • Are used in inflammatory disorders • They block the pathological part of prostaglandins and therefore lack GIT effect • Have a lower incidence of causing peptic ulcer, low incidence of platelet inhibition but lack cardioprotective effects • They have a high incidence of thrombotic effects • Not recommended in renal dysfunction Rofecoxib Is...

Lincosamides Lincomycin  Isolated from streptomyces lincolensis  Mechanism of action – binds to 50S ribosomal subunit  It is bacteriostatic Pharmacokinetics • Can be given orally or parenterally • Incomplete absorptionin git and food delays absorption • Rapid absorption with parenteral administration • Good distributioninbody tissues including bone • Metabolismis mainly in the liver • Excretionis through the kidneys, 30% unchanged Antibacterial spectrum • Highly ef...

Cephalosporins • Have almost a similar structure to penicillins • Have variable antibacterial activity Mechanism of action • Inhibit cell wall synthesis • They are bactericidal Classification First generation cephalosporins Oral preps: Cephalexin, Cefadroxil, Cephazolin Injectables :Cephradine, cephazolin Second generation cephalosporins • Haemophilus active – cefuroxime, cefamandole, cefaclor • Bacteroides active – cefoxitin, cefotetan Third generation cephalospori...

Classification of antibiotics 1. Beta lactams • Have a beta lactam ring • Examples – Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactam Cont… 2. Aminoglycosides • Have an amino acid and a glycoside in their structures • Examples – Gentamycin, Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, vancomycin 3. Sulphonamides • Are derivatives of sulphanolamide • Includes sulphamethoxazole and sulphadimidine 4. Tetracyclines • Have a 4 ring structure in there make up • Includes tetracycline...

People from many different backgrounds, with an enormous variety of problems, present to an emergency department (ED) both by day and by night. Fortunately, certain basic principles are applicable to the care of them all. Immediate (or primary) assessment and management of the patient The priorities are as follows. In all cases, swift and accurate assessment must immediately lead to appropriate action. For cardiac arrest protocols see page 156. For further details of immediate assessment and m...

Sterois • Corticosteroids are important therapeutic agents used to treat allergic and inflammatory disorders or to suppress undesirable or inappropriate immune system actions. • Synthetic drugs that closely resemble cortisol • Physiologically, steroids are normally produced by adrenal cortex through cholesterol metabolism and are grouped into: Glucocorticoids- Mainly hydrocortisone (Cortisol) Mineralocorticoids-Aldosterone Androgens – Dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and estrogen...