BIO331 Exam 3 – 50 Questions | Synaptic Plasticity, LTP, Axon Guidance & Regeneration

This document is a comprehensive emergency exam preparation resource for BIO331 Exam 3, containing approximately 50 structured questions with direct, exam-ready answers based on core neurobiology and neuroscience material. It focuses on advanced mechanisms of synaptic communication and neural development, including electrical versus chemical signaling models, ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, synaptic plasticity, and the physiological basis of learning and memory. The question–answer format closely reflects typical university exam questions, making it highly effective for rapid revision and concept reinforcement under time constraints. Major emphasis is placed on synaptic plasticity, including homosynaptic and heterosynaptic mechanisms, presynaptic inhibition and facilitation, twin-pulse facilitation, post-tetanic potentiation, and long-term potentiation (LTP). The document clearly explains the molecular and functional roles of NMDA and AMPA receptors, calcium signaling, magnesium block removal, and tetanic stimulation in strengthening synaptic efficacy. These concepts are directly linked to learning, memory retention, and neural adaptability, which are frequently tested in upper-level neuroscience courses. In addition, the material provides in-depth coverage of neural development and regeneration. Topics include axon pathfinding, growth cone dynamics, guidance molecules, short- and long-range attractive and repulsive cues, topographic mapping, chemoaffinity hypothesis, and cell adhesion molecules such as NCAMs, cadherins, integrins, and extracellular matrix components. The document also addresses neural injury and regeneration differences between the CNS and PNS, trophic factors such as NGF and BDNF, Schwann cell function, and clinically relevant implications for disorders like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. This resource is particularly relevant for undergraduate students enrolled in courses such as Neurobiology, Cellular Neuroscience, Developmental Neuroscience, Human Physiology, Biomedical Sciences, Biology, or Health Sciences. It is well suited for students preparing for midterms or final exams, last-minute emergency review sessions, and learners who prefer concise, high-yield explanations that integrate mechanisms, terminology, and applied understanding expected at university level. Keywords: synaptic plasticity, long term potentiation, NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, calcium signaling, presynaptic inhibition, synaptic facilitation, electrical synapses, chemical synapses, axon guidance, growth cone, guidance molecules, cell adhesion molecules, NCAM, integrins, extracellular matrix, neural development, neural regeneration, CNS vs PNS, neurobiology exam