ESSENTIALS IN NUTRITION BIOD 121 EXAM
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◉ The GI tract is a long hollow tube that begins: Answer: with the
mouth and ends at the anus
◉ The innermost layer of the GI tract is known as the _______ or
_______. This is made up of absorptive cells and glands. Answer:
intestinal wall; mucosa
◉ Ulcers/Peptic ulcer: Answer: a sore that develops on the lining of
the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine
◉ The other layers of the GI tract are compromised of ________. There
job is to: Answer: circular and longitudinal muscles; is to mix the
food and move it along the GI tract
◉ What are the organs apart of the digestive process, but not apart
of the GI tract: Answer: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas
,◉ There are six specific parts of the GI tract: Answer: the mouth,
esophagus, stomach. small intestine, large intestine, and the rectum
◉ What role do organs play in the digestion system: Answer: to
produce and secrete substances that aid in digestion
◉ In the digestive system,the breakdown of food into smaller units
involves: Answer: chemical and mechanical processes
◉ There are 3 processes that the body can use to absorb nutrients
from the GI tract into the blood or lymph system and eventually into
the cells. What are they: Answer: passive diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, and active transport
◉ Passive diffusion: Answer: in which substances move easily in and
out of the cells without the use of energy
◉ Facilitated diffusion: Answer: is a process in which special protein
carriers are needed to help substances cross into or out of the cell/
No energy is required in this
◉ Active Transport: Answer: is when energy is needed to get the
substance into or out of the cell
,◉ Before food enters the mouth, the digestive process actually
begins with a variety of stimulus. Name 5: Answer: 1. cognition -
thoughts about food start the slow of saliva
2. sound - hearing a description of a meal
3. odor - the smell of the food stimulates your hunger response and
aids in taste
4. appearance - seeing it
5. taste - how it feels when the food enters the mouth
◉ Where is the mouth on the GI tract and what is its function:
Answer: it is the beginning of the GI tract; its function of the mouth
is to alter the food particles to prepare them to be swallowed
◉ The tongue gives us the ability to taste. What are the five flavors
that an be identified: Answer: sweet, salty, sour bitter, and umami
◉ The end by product of digestion in the mouth is known as a:
Answer: bolus
◉ What is the esophagus and is its role: Answer: it is the tube that
connects the throat with the stomach; its role is to transport food to
the stomach
, ◉ During the swallowing process foods land on a flap of tissue called
the __________. What is its role: Answer: epiglottis; it folds down over
the trachea/windpipe during swallowing to prevent food from
entering the trachea
◉ Without the epiglottis: Answer: food could accidentally enter the
trachea and the result would be chocking
◉ What is the esophageal sphincter and where is it located: Answer:
it is a circular muscle that closes once food moves through the
stomach to prevent back flow of stomach contents unto the
esophagus; it is located at the end of the esophagus
◉ The stomach has a _______ cup capacity and can hold food for
_______ or longer, until it is ready to pass into the small intestine.
Answer: 4; 2-3 hours
◉ What is the role of the stomach: Answer: to store, mix, dissolve,
and continue digestion of food
◉ Pepsin: Answer: is an enzyme that breaks down proteins
◉ Gastric Lipase: Answer: an enzyme that begins fat digestion
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◉ The GI tract is a long hollow tube that begins: Answer: with the
mouth and ends at the anus
◉ The innermost layer of the GI tract is known as the _______ or
_______. This is made up of absorptive cells and glands. Answer:
intestinal wall; mucosa
◉ Ulcers/Peptic ulcer: Answer: a sore that develops on the lining of
the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine
◉ The other layers of the GI tract are compromised of ________. There
job is to: Answer: circular and longitudinal muscles; is to mix the
food and move it along the GI tract
◉ What are the organs apart of the digestive process, but not apart
of the GI tract: Answer: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas
,◉ There are six specific parts of the GI tract: Answer: the mouth,
esophagus, stomach. small intestine, large intestine, and the rectum
◉ What role do organs play in the digestion system: Answer: to
produce and secrete substances that aid in digestion
◉ In the digestive system,the breakdown of food into smaller units
involves: Answer: chemical and mechanical processes
◉ There are 3 processes that the body can use to absorb nutrients
from the GI tract into the blood or lymph system and eventually into
the cells. What are they: Answer: passive diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, and active transport
◉ Passive diffusion: Answer: in which substances move easily in and
out of the cells without the use of energy
◉ Facilitated diffusion: Answer: is a process in which special protein
carriers are needed to help substances cross into or out of the cell/
No energy is required in this
◉ Active Transport: Answer: is when energy is needed to get the
substance into or out of the cell
,◉ Before food enters the mouth, the digestive process actually
begins with a variety of stimulus. Name 5: Answer: 1. cognition -
thoughts about food start the slow of saliva
2. sound - hearing a description of a meal
3. odor - the smell of the food stimulates your hunger response and
aids in taste
4. appearance - seeing it
5. taste - how it feels when the food enters the mouth
◉ Where is the mouth on the GI tract and what is its function:
Answer: it is the beginning of the GI tract; its function of the mouth
is to alter the food particles to prepare them to be swallowed
◉ The tongue gives us the ability to taste. What are the five flavors
that an be identified: Answer: sweet, salty, sour bitter, and umami
◉ The end by product of digestion in the mouth is known as a:
Answer: bolus
◉ What is the esophagus and is its role: Answer: it is the tube that
connects the throat with the stomach; its role is to transport food to
the stomach
, ◉ During the swallowing process foods land on a flap of tissue called
the __________. What is its role: Answer: epiglottis; it folds down over
the trachea/windpipe during swallowing to prevent food from
entering the trachea
◉ Without the epiglottis: Answer: food could accidentally enter the
trachea and the result would be chocking
◉ What is the esophageal sphincter and where is it located: Answer:
it is a circular muscle that closes once food moves through the
stomach to prevent back flow of stomach contents unto the
esophagus; it is located at the end of the esophagus
◉ The stomach has a _______ cup capacity and can hold food for
_______ or longer, until it is ready to pass into the small intestine.
Answer: 4; 2-3 hours
◉ What is the role of the stomach: Answer: to store, mix, dissolve,
and continue digestion of food
◉ Pepsin: Answer: is an enzyme that breaks down proteins
◉ Gastric Lipase: Answer: an enzyme that begins fat digestion
