A&P 2 EXAM 4 PRACTICE TEST REVIEW GUIDE // A+
GRADED PRESENTATION // ADVANCED ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS CLINICAL
APPLICATIONS AND MASTER-LEVEL STUDY
PREPARATION // ACADEMIC YEAR 2025/2026
(Answer comes before the question)
A
1. Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?
a. A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.
b. Cells of the PCT go through a great deal of mitosis.
c. Contraction of the PCT moves filtrate through the tubule.
d. This provides the energy needed to fight kidney infection.
B
2. What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of
the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
a. Their movements propel the filtrate through the tubules.
b. They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of
filtrate components to be reabsorbed.
c. They hold on to enzymes that cleanse the filtrate before reabsorption.
d. They increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with
the blood's plasma to help activly excrete toxins.
D
3. The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________.
a. helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space
b. is easily broken and replaced often
c. aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste
d. aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule
A
,4. The relatively long half-life of lipid soluble hormones (steroid
hormones) compared to water soluble hormones is due in part to the
way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular
capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid
soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life.
a. Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that
cannon pass through the filtration membrane.
b. The large size of the steroid hormones prevents them from passing
through the filtration membrane.
c. Steroid hormones are absorbed by target cells before they can reach
the kidneys.
d. The relatively small size of steroid hormones allows them to easily
pass back into the peritubular capillaries if released into the filtrate.
C
5. The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?
a. too much protein in the diet
b. high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues
c. damage to the filtration membrane
d. damage to the renal tubules
D
6. Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through
the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the
following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the
glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does not explain
the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.
a. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent
arteriole.
b. The efferent arteriole has higher resistance to blood flow than the
afferent arteriole.
c. The flow of blood is reduces as blood reaches the efferent arteriole.
d. The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when
compared to the afferent arteriole.
C
, 7. Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing
through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on
filtration.
a. increased osmotic pressure in the filtrate the draws plasma through
the membrane
b. decreased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that increases the amount
of filtration
c. increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces
the amount of filtration
d. neutral change in osmotic pressure with no effect on filtration
D
8. If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus
increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur?
a. Glomerular filtration rate will increase.
b. Net filtration pressure will increase.
c. Urine output will increase.
d. Systemic blood pressure will go up.
D
9. If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the
glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to
occur?
a. Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.
b. Net filtration pressure will decrease.
c. Urine output will decrease.
d. Systemic blood pressure will decrease.
D
10. If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus
decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur?
a. Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.
b. Net filtration pressure will decrease.
c. Urine output will decrease.
d. Systemic blood pressure will decrease.
D
GRADED PRESENTATION // ADVANCED ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS CLINICAL
APPLICATIONS AND MASTER-LEVEL STUDY
PREPARATION // ACADEMIC YEAR 2025/2026
(Answer comes before the question)
A
1. Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?
a. A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT.
b. Cells of the PCT go through a great deal of mitosis.
c. Contraction of the PCT moves filtrate through the tubule.
d. This provides the energy needed to fight kidney infection.
B
2. What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of
the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
a. Their movements propel the filtrate through the tubules.
b. They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of
filtrate components to be reabsorbed.
c. They hold on to enzymes that cleanse the filtrate before reabsorption.
d. They increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with
the blood's plasma to help activly excrete toxins.
D
3. The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________.
a. helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space
b. is easily broken and replaced often
c. aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste
d. aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule
A
,4. The relatively long half-life of lipid soluble hormones (steroid
hormones) compared to water soluble hormones is due in part to the
way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular
capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid
soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life.
a. Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that
cannon pass through the filtration membrane.
b. The large size of the steroid hormones prevents them from passing
through the filtration membrane.
c. Steroid hormones are absorbed by target cells before they can reach
the kidneys.
d. The relatively small size of steroid hormones allows them to easily
pass back into the peritubular capillaries if released into the filtrate.
C
5. The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?
a. too much protein in the diet
b. high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues
c. damage to the filtration membrane
d. damage to the renal tubules
D
6. Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through
the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the
following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the
glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does not explain
the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries.
a. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent
arteriole.
b. The efferent arteriole has higher resistance to blood flow than the
afferent arteriole.
c. The flow of blood is reduces as blood reaches the efferent arteriole.
d. The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when
compared to the afferent arteriole.
C
, 7. Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing
through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on
filtration.
a. increased osmotic pressure in the filtrate the draws plasma through
the membrane
b. decreased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that increases the amount
of filtration
c. increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces
the amount of filtration
d. neutral change in osmotic pressure with no effect on filtration
D
8. If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus
increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur?
a. Glomerular filtration rate will increase.
b. Net filtration pressure will increase.
c. Urine output will increase.
d. Systemic blood pressure will go up.
D
9. If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the
glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to
occur?
a. Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.
b. Net filtration pressure will decrease.
c. Urine output will decrease.
d. Systemic blood pressure will decrease.
D
10. If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus
decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur?
a. Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.
b. Net filtration pressure will decrease.
c. Urine output will decrease.
d. Systemic blood pressure will decrease.
D
