NR 324 Exam 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025\2026
This condition is a retrovirus that causes immunosuppression; they are more susceptible to
infections that people normally control through immune responses. correct answers HIV
What are the 4 ways HIV can be transmitted? correct answers infected blood
maternal milk
vaginal secretions
semen
When do people receive antiretroviral therapy (ART)? correct answers When women are
detected with the HIV infection, its used to suppress the replication of HIV
This enzyme is involved in the replication process, cleaves the newly formed strands of HIV
genetic material into smaller pieces. correct answers Protease
What is the term for infections and cancers that occur in immunosuppressed patients? correct
answers opportunistic diseases
What is the main cause of disease, disability, and death in patients with HIV infection?
correct answers opportunistic diseases
During the first 2-4 weeks when someone is infected with HIV, what is happening in the
blood? correct answers there is a high viral load, the amount of HIV circulating in the blood
When are people most infectious with HIV? correct answers During the acute infection stage
because of the high amounts of circulating HIV.
After the initial reaction, how do people infected with HIV appear? correct answers
asymptomatic and have no symptoms/limited signs of infection.
As the CD4 cell count declines closer to 200 cells/μL and the viral load increases, HIV
advances to a more active stage termed as a ? correct answers Symptomatic infection
What are some symptoms of a symptomatic infection of HIV? correct answers persistent
fever, frequent night sweats, chronic diarrhea, recurrent headaches, and severe fatigue
One of the more common infections associated with the symptomatic infection phase of HIV
is ? correct answers oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush)
When is AIDS diagnosed? correct answers at CD4 <200 cells and/or presence of
opportunistic infection
Diagnosis of HIV infection is made by testing for ? correct answers testing for HIV
antibodies and/or antigens
This weeks of before a screening test can detect any evidence of HIV is termed as.. correct
answers window period
,What 2 lab tests are used for monitoring HIV progression? correct answers CD4 cell count
viral load
This lab test is a marker of immune function; as the disease progresses, the number usually
decreases correct answers CD4 cell count
This lab test measures viral levels and provides an assessment of disease progression. The
lower the level, the less active the disease. correct answers Viral load
Abnormal _____ ______ results are common in HIV infection. correct answers blood test
HIV, antiplatelet antibodies, or drug therapy can cause ? correct answers low platelet counts
(thrombocytopenia)
This condition is associated with the chronic disease process and adverse effects of
antiretroviral therapy (ART). correct answers Anemia
Resistance tests can determine if a patient's HIV is correct answers
!!! resistant to drugs used for ART correct answers
This strategy is used to reduce the risk for sexually acquired HIV infection in adults and
should also be utilized with using condoms, risk reduction counseling, and regular HIV
testing. correct answers Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
The best way to prevent HIV infection in infants is to ? correct answers prevent HIV
infection in women
What are the options for HIV+ women that are wanting to get pregnant to reduce the risk of
passing it to the child? correct answers use ART to decrease the risk for transmission or have
an abortion.
________ _______, or recurring problems, characterize chronic diseases to where those with
HIV disease in which infections, cancers, debility, and psychosocial or economic issues may
interact to overwhelm the patient's ability to cope correct answers Acute exacerbations
Some HIV-infected patients, especially those who have been infected and on ART for a long
time, are at risk to develop ? correct answers metabolic disorders
How do you manage metabolic disorders with HIV patients? correct answers By detecting
problems early, dealing with symptoms, and helping the patient cope with emerging problems
???
This reaction reinforces the immune system and causes the artrioles to cause brief
vasoconstriction. correct answers Inflammation
Name some s/s of inflammation correct answers Itchy
Hot to touch
Redness
,Swelling
What is the redness color caused by in acute inflammation? correct answers Vasoconstriction
People with this condition usually have other autoimmune diseases such as RA and can lead
to tumor necrosis factors (TNF). correct answers Chronic inflammation
This condition is caused by a protein in your body that causes inflammation and helps
coordinate processes. correct answers Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
This kind of medication helps reduce inflammation, and the shutdown response that can
cause immunosuppresion. correct answers Steroids
How do immunosuppressed patients present with infection? correct answers the signs and
symptoms of infection (purulent exudate, odor, erythema, warmth, tenderness, edema, pain,
fever, high WBC count) may not be present even when the areas of injury is infected
What is an immediate response from vaccinations? correct answers Inflammation
Why should patients not take NSAIDs before getting vaccines? correct answers They will not
have an inflammatory response that will allow antibodies to form properly in their body
These 2 groups of people are not able to receive a live virus vaccination. correct answers
Immunosuppressed
Pregnant patients
These cells are first responders of the immune system, rapidly migrating into affected tissues
in response to injury or infection correct answers Neutrophils
How would a neutrophil count appear in patients with acute infections and chronic
infections? correct answers Acute - high count
Chronic - not as high
Why is the neutrophil count not as high in chronic infections compared to acute infections?
correct answers Long term infections cause an increase in monocyte cells (immature
macrophages)
How will a neutrophil appear when it dies? How does it result to wound healing? correct
answers Will create pus
Fibrin in pus > fibrinogen > traps bacteria > becomes a scab
This causes tightening of airway muscles/ the production of excess mucus and fluid and helps
promote the production of inflammatory cytokines. correct answers Leukotreines
Leukotrienes are mostly administered to what group of patients? correct answers Asthma
patients
How does croup sound and what creates that sound? correct answers Barking seal
Sound is from edema causing inflammation, making the airway to become narrow and create
a barking sound
, Where do high pitched sounds come from? correct answers Upper airway
What group of people is croup more common in and why? correct answers Children
Because their airways are smaller
This condition causes widespread inflammation and causes fluid to shift into areas where it
shouldnt be and can shut down gas exhange. correct answers Sepsis
Patients with sepsis could eventually snowball into what 2 conditions? correct answers Acute
respiratory distress syndrome
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
This medication is given to stop vasoconstriction in the airway caused by fluid shifts and
built up edema. correct answers Epinephrine
What are two systemic manifestations of inflammation? correct answers Fever
Tachycardia
When do you treat patients with fever? correct answers When they are symptomatic
What is a side effect of fever? correct answers Dehydration
Name 3 signs of infection in wounds. correct answers Purulent drainage
COCA
Significant inflammation of the wound
What is the difference in purulent and serous drainage? correct answers Purulent drainage-
sign of infection
Serous drainage- fine, sign of healing
Name 4 kinds of medications that are given to treat wounds. correct answers NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
Cox inhibitors
***Celebrex
The Braden Scale is used for? correct answers predicting pressure sore risk
This stage is non-blanchable with redness on bony prominences/areas of constant pressure.
correct answers Stage 1
This stage is non-blanchable with a red/pink wound bed and partial thickness broken skin.
correct answers Stage 2
This stage presents as a crater, the skin is not intact, but not able to see any bones or tendons.
correct answers Stage 3
Necrotic dead tissue that does not heal and requires debridement for removal correct answers
Eschar
2025\2026
This condition is a retrovirus that causes immunosuppression; they are more susceptible to
infections that people normally control through immune responses. correct answers HIV
What are the 4 ways HIV can be transmitted? correct answers infected blood
maternal milk
vaginal secretions
semen
When do people receive antiretroviral therapy (ART)? correct answers When women are
detected with the HIV infection, its used to suppress the replication of HIV
This enzyme is involved in the replication process, cleaves the newly formed strands of HIV
genetic material into smaller pieces. correct answers Protease
What is the term for infections and cancers that occur in immunosuppressed patients? correct
answers opportunistic diseases
What is the main cause of disease, disability, and death in patients with HIV infection?
correct answers opportunistic diseases
During the first 2-4 weeks when someone is infected with HIV, what is happening in the
blood? correct answers there is a high viral load, the amount of HIV circulating in the blood
When are people most infectious with HIV? correct answers During the acute infection stage
because of the high amounts of circulating HIV.
After the initial reaction, how do people infected with HIV appear? correct answers
asymptomatic and have no symptoms/limited signs of infection.
As the CD4 cell count declines closer to 200 cells/μL and the viral load increases, HIV
advances to a more active stage termed as a ? correct answers Symptomatic infection
What are some symptoms of a symptomatic infection of HIV? correct answers persistent
fever, frequent night sweats, chronic diarrhea, recurrent headaches, and severe fatigue
One of the more common infections associated with the symptomatic infection phase of HIV
is ? correct answers oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush)
When is AIDS diagnosed? correct answers at CD4 <200 cells and/or presence of
opportunistic infection
Diagnosis of HIV infection is made by testing for ? correct answers testing for HIV
antibodies and/or antigens
This weeks of before a screening test can detect any evidence of HIV is termed as.. correct
answers window period
,What 2 lab tests are used for monitoring HIV progression? correct answers CD4 cell count
viral load
This lab test is a marker of immune function; as the disease progresses, the number usually
decreases correct answers CD4 cell count
This lab test measures viral levels and provides an assessment of disease progression. The
lower the level, the less active the disease. correct answers Viral load
Abnormal _____ ______ results are common in HIV infection. correct answers blood test
HIV, antiplatelet antibodies, or drug therapy can cause ? correct answers low platelet counts
(thrombocytopenia)
This condition is associated with the chronic disease process and adverse effects of
antiretroviral therapy (ART). correct answers Anemia
Resistance tests can determine if a patient's HIV is correct answers
!!! resistant to drugs used for ART correct answers
This strategy is used to reduce the risk for sexually acquired HIV infection in adults and
should also be utilized with using condoms, risk reduction counseling, and regular HIV
testing. correct answers Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
The best way to prevent HIV infection in infants is to ? correct answers prevent HIV
infection in women
What are the options for HIV+ women that are wanting to get pregnant to reduce the risk of
passing it to the child? correct answers use ART to decrease the risk for transmission or have
an abortion.
________ _______, or recurring problems, characterize chronic diseases to where those with
HIV disease in which infections, cancers, debility, and psychosocial or economic issues may
interact to overwhelm the patient's ability to cope correct answers Acute exacerbations
Some HIV-infected patients, especially those who have been infected and on ART for a long
time, are at risk to develop ? correct answers metabolic disorders
How do you manage metabolic disorders with HIV patients? correct answers By detecting
problems early, dealing with symptoms, and helping the patient cope with emerging problems
???
This reaction reinforces the immune system and causes the artrioles to cause brief
vasoconstriction. correct answers Inflammation
Name some s/s of inflammation correct answers Itchy
Hot to touch
Redness
,Swelling
What is the redness color caused by in acute inflammation? correct answers Vasoconstriction
People with this condition usually have other autoimmune diseases such as RA and can lead
to tumor necrosis factors (TNF). correct answers Chronic inflammation
This condition is caused by a protein in your body that causes inflammation and helps
coordinate processes. correct answers Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
This kind of medication helps reduce inflammation, and the shutdown response that can
cause immunosuppresion. correct answers Steroids
How do immunosuppressed patients present with infection? correct answers the signs and
symptoms of infection (purulent exudate, odor, erythema, warmth, tenderness, edema, pain,
fever, high WBC count) may not be present even when the areas of injury is infected
What is an immediate response from vaccinations? correct answers Inflammation
Why should patients not take NSAIDs before getting vaccines? correct answers They will not
have an inflammatory response that will allow antibodies to form properly in their body
These 2 groups of people are not able to receive a live virus vaccination. correct answers
Immunosuppressed
Pregnant patients
These cells are first responders of the immune system, rapidly migrating into affected tissues
in response to injury or infection correct answers Neutrophils
How would a neutrophil count appear in patients with acute infections and chronic
infections? correct answers Acute - high count
Chronic - not as high
Why is the neutrophil count not as high in chronic infections compared to acute infections?
correct answers Long term infections cause an increase in monocyte cells (immature
macrophages)
How will a neutrophil appear when it dies? How does it result to wound healing? correct
answers Will create pus
Fibrin in pus > fibrinogen > traps bacteria > becomes a scab
This causes tightening of airway muscles/ the production of excess mucus and fluid and helps
promote the production of inflammatory cytokines. correct answers Leukotreines
Leukotrienes are mostly administered to what group of patients? correct answers Asthma
patients
How does croup sound and what creates that sound? correct answers Barking seal
Sound is from edema causing inflammation, making the airway to become narrow and create
a barking sound
, Where do high pitched sounds come from? correct answers Upper airway
What group of people is croup more common in and why? correct answers Children
Because their airways are smaller
This condition causes widespread inflammation and causes fluid to shift into areas where it
shouldnt be and can shut down gas exhange. correct answers Sepsis
Patients with sepsis could eventually snowball into what 2 conditions? correct answers Acute
respiratory distress syndrome
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
This medication is given to stop vasoconstriction in the airway caused by fluid shifts and
built up edema. correct answers Epinephrine
What are two systemic manifestations of inflammation? correct answers Fever
Tachycardia
When do you treat patients with fever? correct answers When they are symptomatic
What is a side effect of fever? correct answers Dehydration
Name 3 signs of infection in wounds. correct answers Purulent drainage
COCA
Significant inflammation of the wound
What is the difference in purulent and serous drainage? correct answers Purulent drainage-
sign of infection
Serous drainage- fine, sign of healing
Name 4 kinds of medications that are given to treat wounds. correct answers NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
Cox inhibitors
***Celebrex
The Braden Scale is used for? correct answers predicting pressure sore risk
This stage is non-blanchable with redness on bony prominences/areas of constant pressure.
correct answers Stage 1
This stage is non-blanchable with a red/pink wound bed and partial thickness broken skin.
correct answers Stage 2
This stage presents as a crater, the skin is not intact, but not able to see any bones or tendons.
correct answers Stage 3
Necrotic dead tissue that does not heal and requires debridement for removal correct answers
Eschar
