ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of
small arterioles and release of free radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production
from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-
potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously
ischemic cells. - ....ANSWER...B
,Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced
exogenously during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and
are removed by endogenous antioxidants
c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of
the cell
d. none of the above - ....ANSWER...B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - ....ANSWER...D
Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between cell necrosis
and apoptosis?
a. Apoptosis is a more rapid process.
b. Apoptosis is usually initiated by ischemia-induced cell injury.
c. Apoptosis is genetically controlled.
d. Apoptosis characteristically involves rupture of the cell membrane. -
....ANSWER...C
You are a nurse practitioner working in an outpatient clinic. Your patient's
echocardiogram shows moderate aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve). You
know that the stenotic valve creates an increased resistance against which the left
ventricle contracts. The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the left ventricle is
which of the following?
a. atrophy
,b. hypertrophy
c. hyperplasia
d. metaplasia - ....ANSWER...B
Select the condition that is an example of physiologic hyperplasia.
a. breast enlargement during puberty
b. endometrial hyperplasia from excessive estrogen stimulation
c. prostatic hyperplasia occurring as men age
d. none of the above are physiologic - ....ANSWER...A
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - ...ANSWER...D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - ...ANSWER...C
Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - ...ANSWER...D
, Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of
small arterioles and release of free radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production
from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-
potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously
ischemic cells. - ...ANSWER...B
Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced
exogenously during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and
are removed by endogenous antioxidants
c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of
the cell
d. none of the above - ...ANSWER...B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - ...ANSWER...D
Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between cell necrosis
and apoptosis?
a. Apoptosis is a more rapid process.
b. Apoptosis is usually initiated by ischemia-induced cell injury.
c. Apoptosis is genetically controlled.
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of
small arterioles and release of free radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production
from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-
potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously
ischemic cells. - ....ANSWER...B
,Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced
exogenously during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and
are removed by endogenous antioxidants
c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of
the cell
d. none of the above - ....ANSWER...B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - ....ANSWER...D
Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between cell necrosis
and apoptosis?
a. Apoptosis is a more rapid process.
b. Apoptosis is usually initiated by ischemia-induced cell injury.
c. Apoptosis is genetically controlled.
d. Apoptosis characteristically involves rupture of the cell membrane. -
....ANSWER...C
You are a nurse practitioner working in an outpatient clinic. Your patient's
echocardiogram shows moderate aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve). You
know that the stenotic valve creates an increased resistance against which the left
ventricle contracts. The cellular adaptation most likely to occur in the left ventricle is
which of the following?
a. atrophy
,b. hypertrophy
c. hyperplasia
d. metaplasia - ....ANSWER...B
Select the condition that is an example of physiologic hyperplasia.
a. breast enlargement during puberty
b. endometrial hyperplasia from excessive estrogen stimulation
c. prostatic hyperplasia occurring as men age
d. none of the above are physiologic - ....ANSWER...A
Insufficient blood flow to a part of the body is defined as:
a. hypoxia.
b. hypoxemia.
c. necrosis.
d. ischemia. - ...ANSWER...D
A cellular change, which is often precancerous, is called:
a. hyperplasia.
b. metaplasia.
c. dysplasia.
d. hypertrophy. - ...ANSWER...C
Which of the following changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
a. sodium influx into the cytoplasm
b. glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)
c. detachment of ribosomes from rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. release of lysosomal enzymes - ...ANSWER...D
, Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
a. The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes rupture of
small arterioles and release of free radicals.
b. The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical production
from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
c. Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the sodium-
potassium pump.
d. Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously
ischemic cells. - ...ANSWER...B
Which of the following best describes free radicals?
a. stable molecules not normally found in the body, but introduced
exogenously during ischemia
b. unstable molecules that are normal products of oxidative metabolism and
are removed by endogenous antioxidants
c. stable molecules that have an affinity for iron in the cytoplasm of
the cell
d. none of the above - ...ANSWER...B
The usual fate of apoptotic cells is which of the following?
a. metaplastic transformation
b. calcification
c. hypertrophy
d. phagocytosis
e. neoplastic transformation - ...ANSWER...D
Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between cell necrosis
and apoptosis?
a. Apoptosis is a more rapid process.
b. Apoptosis is usually initiated by ischemia-induced cell injury.
c. Apoptosis is genetically controlled.
