Exam questions and answers articles ARM
Questions article Guba & Lincoln (1994)
1. What does a research paradigm primarily define?
a. The statistical tests used in analysis
b. The worldview guiding how knowledge is understood and produced
c. The type of data collected
d. The ethical code of conduct
2. Which paradigm assumes a naïve realist ontology?
a. Positivism
b. Post-positivism
c. Critical theory
d. Constructivism
3. In post-positivism, what is the nature of reality?
a. Multiple, socially constructed realities
b. Reality that can be know perfectly through science
c. A real world known only imperfectly and probabilistically
d. Reality created through language
4. Critical theory emphasizes which main research goal?
a. Prediction and control
b. Understanding subjective meanings
c. Emancipation and transformation
d. Statistical generalization
5. Constructivism views knowledge as:
a. Discovered objectively
b. Co-created between researcher and participants
c. Derived from experiments
d. Value-free and neutral
6. What is the epistemological stance of positivism?
a. Dualist and objectivist
b. Transactional and subjectivist
c. Historical realist
d. Relativist
7. Which paradigm uses hermeneutical and dialectical methods?
a. Positivism
b. Post-positivism
c. Constructivism
d. Critical theory
8. What is meant by incommensurability among paradigms?
a. They are completely identical
, b. They are based on conflicting assumptions and cannot be directly
compared
c. They share all ontological assumptions
d. They are measured using the same quality criteria
9. Which paradigm most values authenticity and trustworthiness over validity
and reliability?
a. Positivism
b. Post-positivism
c. Constructivism
d. Critical theory
10. According to Guba & Lincoln, progress in social inquiry depends on:
a. Rejecting alternative paradigms
b. Synthesizing paradigms into one
c. Open dialogue between paradigms
d. Maintaining positivist dominance
Article Flick (2007) – from an idea to a research question
, 11. According to flick, qualitative research begins with
a. Hypothesis formulation
b. Data collection
c. An idea that must become a focused research question
d. Statistical design
12. Which of the following is NOT a common source of research ideas
mentioned by Flick?
a. Personal experiences
b. Social problems
c. Random selection of variables
d. Methodological curiosity
13. What does a “bottom-up” perspective like Grounded Theory aim to do?
a. Deduce theory from literature
b. Build theory from data
c. Test pre-existing hypotheses
d. Ignore context
14. What are the four levels at which theory is inevitably used in qualitative
research?
a. Sampling, ethics, validity, and reporting
b. Epistemology, perspective, substantive theory, and method theory
c. Design, data, methods, and results
d. Ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology
15. Why is specifying the research question early important?
a. It justifies statistical generalization
b. It narrows and guides the design decisions
c. It eliminates the need for theory
d. It guarantees objectivity
16. Which statement best captures Flick’s warning about “no theory” myths?
a. Qualitative research is atheoretical by design
b. Researchers always rely on theory at several implicit levels
c. Only quantitative research uses theory
d. Theories are optional if data are rich
17. What is meant by “method-linked theory”?
a. The theoretical assumptions behind the methods used
b. A statistical model
c. A hypothesis about causality
d. Ethical justification of research
18. The process of refining research questions during fieldwork exemplifies:
a. Deductive reasoning
Questions article Guba & Lincoln (1994)
1. What does a research paradigm primarily define?
a. The statistical tests used in analysis
b. The worldview guiding how knowledge is understood and produced
c. The type of data collected
d. The ethical code of conduct
2. Which paradigm assumes a naïve realist ontology?
a. Positivism
b. Post-positivism
c. Critical theory
d. Constructivism
3. In post-positivism, what is the nature of reality?
a. Multiple, socially constructed realities
b. Reality that can be know perfectly through science
c. A real world known only imperfectly and probabilistically
d. Reality created through language
4. Critical theory emphasizes which main research goal?
a. Prediction and control
b. Understanding subjective meanings
c. Emancipation and transformation
d. Statistical generalization
5. Constructivism views knowledge as:
a. Discovered objectively
b. Co-created between researcher and participants
c. Derived from experiments
d. Value-free and neutral
6. What is the epistemological stance of positivism?
a. Dualist and objectivist
b. Transactional and subjectivist
c. Historical realist
d. Relativist
7. Which paradigm uses hermeneutical and dialectical methods?
a. Positivism
b. Post-positivism
c. Constructivism
d. Critical theory
8. What is meant by incommensurability among paradigms?
a. They are completely identical
, b. They are based on conflicting assumptions and cannot be directly
compared
c. They share all ontological assumptions
d. They are measured using the same quality criteria
9. Which paradigm most values authenticity and trustworthiness over validity
and reliability?
a. Positivism
b. Post-positivism
c. Constructivism
d. Critical theory
10. According to Guba & Lincoln, progress in social inquiry depends on:
a. Rejecting alternative paradigms
b. Synthesizing paradigms into one
c. Open dialogue between paradigms
d. Maintaining positivist dominance
Article Flick (2007) – from an idea to a research question
, 11. According to flick, qualitative research begins with
a. Hypothesis formulation
b. Data collection
c. An idea that must become a focused research question
d. Statistical design
12. Which of the following is NOT a common source of research ideas
mentioned by Flick?
a. Personal experiences
b. Social problems
c. Random selection of variables
d. Methodological curiosity
13. What does a “bottom-up” perspective like Grounded Theory aim to do?
a. Deduce theory from literature
b. Build theory from data
c. Test pre-existing hypotheses
d. Ignore context
14. What are the four levels at which theory is inevitably used in qualitative
research?
a. Sampling, ethics, validity, and reporting
b. Epistemology, perspective, substantive theory, and method theory
c. Design, data, methods, and results
d. Ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology
15. Why is specifying the research question early important?
a. It justifies statistical generalization
b. It narrows and guides the design decisions
c. It eliminates the need for theory
d. It guarantees objectivity
16. Which statement best captures Flick’s warning about “no theory” myths?
a. Qualitative research is atheoretical by design
b. Researchers always rely on theory at several implicit levels
c. Only quantitative research uses theory
d. Theories are optional if data are rich
17. What is meant by “method-linked theory”?
a. The theoretical assumptions behind the methods used
b. A statistical model
c. A hypothesis about causality
d. Ethical justification of research
18. The process of refining research questions during fieldwork exemplifies:
a. Deductive reasoning
