NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 questions with answers

NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 questions
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with answers
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What is gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Inflammation of the
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stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and irritated
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What are the causes of gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin,
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NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
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What is GERD? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the back flow of gastric
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contents into the esophagus through the lower esophageal
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sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic
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stomach acid that comes up.
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What are the causes of GERD? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Any
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condition or agent that alters closure of the lower esophageal
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sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine,
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large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical
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features like hiatal hernia
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What are complications of GERD? - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces normal
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squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk
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for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring.
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Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as cough,
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asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
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,What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔epigastric burning pain that is usually
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relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty
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stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours
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after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as
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GI bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in H/H
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and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
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What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation
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and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can
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reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
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What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The
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intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
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What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔clostridium difficile, exposure to long term
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antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
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What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal
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pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
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How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and
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contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or
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vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
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,How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? -
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CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔wearing appropriate PPE and washing
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hands with soap and water only
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What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive
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McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ
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tenderness, systemic signs of infection
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How do we assess for appendicitis? - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly button
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and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense
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pain, indicates positive appendicitis
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What are the causes of bowel obstructions? - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔previous surgery of the intestines with adhesions, congenital
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abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the intestinal
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tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas,
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water and electrolytes in the bowel.
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What is a functional bowel obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a
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problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things
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that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low
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fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the
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SNS stimulation.
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What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or
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twisting of the intestines, intussusception
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, What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting,
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hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal
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hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more
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esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
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Explain what jaundice is? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔green- yellow
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staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as the liver
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cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
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Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔eyes, skin, and mouth
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Explain what ascites is? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔pathological
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accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of
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albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It
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can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained
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with a parenthesis
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Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - CORRECT ANSWERS
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✔✔neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the
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blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and
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psychotic symptoms common along with jerking
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What is another name for end stage liver disease? - CORRECT
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ANSWERS ✔✔cirrhosis
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