Solutions Manual for An Introduction to Statistical C
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oncepts, 4e Debbie Hahs-
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Vaughn, Richard Lomax (All Chapters Answers at th
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e end of each Chapter)
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PROBLEMS
Conceptual#Problems
1. A#mental#health#counselor#is#conducting#a#research#study#on#satisfaction#that#married#c
ouples#have#with#their#marriage.#“Marital#status”#(e.g.,#single,#married,#divorced,#wid
owed),#in#this#scenario,#is#which#one#of#the#following?
a. Constant
b. Variable
2. Belle#randomly#samples#100#library#patrons#and#gathers#data#on#the#genre#of#the#"first#book"#t
hat#they#checked#out#from#the#library.#She#finds#that#85#library#patrons#checked#out#a#fiction#b
ook#and#15#library#patrons#checked#out#a#non-
fiction#book.# Which#of#the#following#best#characterizes#the#type#of#"first#book"#checked#out#i
n#this#study?
a. Constant
b. Variable
3. For#interval#level#variables,#which#of#the#following#properties#does#not#apply?
a. "A"#is#two#units#greater#than#‘B’
b. "A"#is#greater#than#‘B’
c. "A"#is#twice#as#good#as#‘B’
d. "A"#differs#from#‘B’
4. Which#of#the#following#properties#is#appropriate#for#ordinal,#but#not#for#nominal#variables?
a. "A"#differs#from#‘B’
b. "A"#is#greater#than#‘B’
c. "A"#is#ten#units#greater#than#‘B’
d. "A"#is#twice#as#good#as#‘B’
5. Which#scale#of#measurement#is#implied#by#the#following#statement:#“JoAnn’s#score#is#three#t
imes#greater#than#Oscar’s#score?”
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
,6. Which#scale#of#measurement#is#produced#the#following#survey#item:#"Which#season#do#you#p
refer#to#spend#your#time?#Spring,#Summer,#Fall,#Winter?"
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
7. A#band#director#collects#data#on#the#number#of#years#in#which#students#in#the#band#have#p
layed#a#musical#instrument.# Which#scale#of#measurement#is#implied#by#this#scenario?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
8. Kristen#has#an#IQ#of#120.# I#assert#that#Kristen#is#20%#more#intelligent#than#the#average#p
erson#having#an#IQ#of#100.# Am#I#correct?
9. Population#is#to#parameter#as#sample#is#to#statistic.#True#or#false?
10. A#dichotomous#variable#is#also#a#categorical#variable.#True#or#false?
11. The#amount#of#time#spent#studying#in#one#week#for#a#population#of#students#is#an#inferential#st
atistic.#True#or#false?
12. A#sample#of#50#students#take#an#exam#and#the#instructor#decides#to#give#the#top#5#scores#a#b
onus#of#5#points.#Compared#to#the#original#set#of#scores#(no#bonus),#will#the#ranks#of#the#ne
w#set#of#scores#(including#bonus)#be#exactly#the#same?
13. Malani#and#Laila#have#class#ranks#of#5#and#6.#Ingrid#and#Toomas#have#class#ranks#of#55#and
56.#Will#the#GPAs#of#Malani#and#Laila#be#the#same#distance#apart#as#the#GPAs#of#Ingrid#and#To
omas?
14. Aurora#is#studying#sleep#disorders#in#adults.#She#gathers#data#on#whether#or#not#they#take#me
dication#to#assist#their#sleep.#Aurora#finds#that#1/3#of#the#adults#take#medication,#and#2/3#do#n
ot.#Which#of#the#following#best#characterizes#"whether#or#not#medication#is#taken?"
a. Constant
b. Variable
15. A#researcher#has#collected#data#that#compares#an#intervention#program#to#a#comparison#pro
gram.# The#researcher#finds#that#the#intervention#program#produces#results#that#are#four#time
s#better#than#the#comparison#program.# Which#measurement#scale#is#implied#and#that#will#al
low#the#researcher#to#make#this#type#of#interpretation?# Select#all#that#apply.
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
,16. A#researcher#has#access#to#22#local#health#clinics#which#are#part#of#a#network#of#56#health#c
linics#in#the#state.#The#researcher#conducts#a#study#which#includes#the#22#regional#health#cl
inics.# In#this#scenario,#the#22#local#health#clinics#are#which#one#of#the#following?
a. Dichotomous
b. Interval
c. Sample
d. Population
17. A#researcher#has#access#to#22#regional#health#clinics#which#are#part#of#a#network#of#56#heal
th#clinics#in#the#state.#The#researcher#conducts#a#study#which#includes#the#22#regional#healt
h#clinics.# In#this#scenario,#the#56#health#clinics#in#the#state#are#which#one#of#the#following?
a. Dichotomous
b. Interval
c. Sample
d. Population
18. Which#of#the#following#is#an#example#of#a#dichotomous#variable?
a. Dance#type#(ballet,#contemporary,#jazz,#lyrical,#tap)
b. Interest#(no#interest,#somewhat#interested,#much#interest)
c. Total#cost#(measured#in#whole#dollars#ranging#from#$0#to#infinity)
d. Age#(ages#<40#and#ages#40+)
19. Which#of#the#following#is#an#example#of#an#ordinal#variable?
a. Dance#type#(ballet,#contemporary,#jazz,#lyrical,#tap)
b. Interest#(no#interest,#somewhat#interested,#much#interest)
c. Total#cost#(measured#in#whole#dollars#ranging#from#$0#to#infinity)
d. Age#(ages#<40#and#ages#40+)
20. Which#of#the#following#is#an#example#of#a#ratio#variable?
a. Scores#on#the#Myers-Briggs#Type#Indicator#(MBTI)#personality#inventory
b. Number#of#pieces#of#cake#eaten#at#birthday#parties#(measured#in#whole#numbers)
c. Pleasure#experienced#on#vacation#(none,#some,#much)
d. Types#of#plants#preferred#by#homeowners#(bushes,#flowers,#grasses,#trees)
, Answers#to#Conceptual#Problems
1. Constant#(all#individuals#in#the#study#are#married,#thus#the#marital#status#will#be#"married"#for#e
veryone#participating;#in#other#words,#there#is#no#variation#in#"marital#status"#for#this#particular
#scenario)
2. Variable#(while#there#is#not#a#lot#of#variation#given#that#85#of#100#patrons#check#out#fiction#b
ooks,#there#is#some#variation#in#this#scenario)
3. c#(true#ratios#cannot#be#formed#with#interval#variables)
4. b#(greater#than#statements#do#not#apply#to#nominal#variables)
5. d#(true#ratios#can#only#be#formed#with#ratio#variables)
6. a#("season",#as#in#spring,#summer,#winter,#fall,#is#a#nominal#variable)
7. d#(an#absolute#value#of#zero#would#indicate#an#absence#of#what#was#measured—
i.e.,#the#number#of#years#playing#in#a#band—
and#thus#ratio#is#the#scale#of#measure;#although#an#answer#of#zero#is#not#likely#given#that#the#
students#in#the#band#are#those#being#measured,#if#someone#were#to#respond#with#an#answer#o
f#zero,#that#value#would#truly#indicate#"no#years#playing#an#instrument")
8. No#(true#ratios#cannot#be#formed#with#interval#variables)
9. True#(there#are#only#population#parameters#and#sample#statistics;#no#other#combinations#
exist)
10. True#(categorical#variables#can#have#any#number#of#qualitative#values;#dichotomous#variables#
are#limited#to#only#two#values)
11. False#(as#this#is#a#population#parameter,#no#inference#need#be#made)
12. Yes#(although#the#top#5#scores#will#be#increased,#the#ranks#of#every#score#will#remain#the#s
ame)
13. No#(class#rank#is#ordinal#and#equal#intervals#is#not#a#characteristic#of#an#ordinal#variable)
14. Variable#(given#that#some#took#medication#and#others#did#not,#this#indicates#variation#in#what#
was#measured)
15. d#(ratio#variables#will#allow#interpretations#such#as#"four#times#greater"#to#be#made#from#the#d
ata#as#they#have#equal#intervals#and#a#true#zero#point)
16. c#(with#access#to#22#of#the#56#total#health#clinics,#the#researcher#is#working#with#a#sample#of#2
2#from#the#population#of#56)
# # # # # # #
oncepts, 4e Debbie Hahs-
# # #
Vaughn, Richard Lomax (All Chapters Answers at th
# # # # # # #
e end of each Chapter)
# # # #
PROBLEMS
Conceptual#Problems
1. A#mental#health#counselor#is#conducting#a#research#study#on#satisfaction#that#married#c
ouples#have#with#their#marriage.#“Marital#status”#(e.g.,#single,#married,#divorced,#wid
owed),#in#this#scenario,#is#which#one#of#the#following?
a. Constant
b. Variable
2. Belle#randomly#samples#100#library#patrons#and#gathers#data#on#the#genre#of#the#"first#book"#t
hat#they#checked#out#from#the#library.#She#finds#that#85#library#patrons#checked#out#a#fiction#b
ook#and#15#library#patrons#checked#out#a#non-
fiction#book.# Which#of#the#following#best#characterizes#the#type#of#"first#book"#checked#out#i
n#this#study?
a. Constant
b. Variable
3. For#interval#level#variables,#which#of#the#following#properties#does#not#apply?
a. "A"#is#two#units#greater#than#‘B’
b. "A"#is#greater#than#‘B’
c. "A"#is#twice#as#good#as#‘B’
d. "A"#differs#from#‘B’
4. Which#of#the#following#properties#is#appropriate#for#ordinal,#but#not#for#nominal#variables?
a. "A"#differs#from#‘B’
b. "A"#is#greater#than#‘B’
c. "A"#is#ten#units#greater#than#‘B’
d. "A"#is#twice#as#good#as#‘B’
5. Which#scale#of#measurement#is#implied#by#the#following#statement:#“JoAnn’s#score#is#three#t
imes#greater#than#Oscar’s#score?”
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
,6. Which#scale#of#measurement#is#produced#the#following#survey#item:#"Which#season#do#you#p
refer#to#spend#your#time?#Spring,#Summer,#Fall,#Winter?"
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
7. A#band#director#collects#data#on#the#number#of#years#in#which#students#in#the#band#have#p
layed#a#musical#instrument.# Which#scale#of#measurement#is#implied#by#this#scenario?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
8. Kristen#has#an#IQ#of#120.# I#assert#that#Kristen#is#20%#more#intelligent#than#the#average#p
erson#having#an#IQ#of#100.# Am#I#correct?
9. Population#is#to#parameter#as#sample#is#to#statistic.#True#or#false?
10. A#dichotomous#variable#is#also#a#categorical#variable.#True#or#false?
11. The#amount#of#time#spent#studying#in#one#week#for#a#population#of#students#is#an#inferential#st
atistic.#True#or#false?
12. A#sample#of#50#students#take#an#exam#and#the#instructor#decides#to#give#the#top#5#scores#a#b
onus#of#5#points.#Compared#to#the#original#set#of#scores#(no#bonus),#will#the#ranks#of#the#ne
w#set#of#scores#(including#bonus)#be#exactly#the#same?
13. Malani#and#Laila#have#class#ranks#of#5#and#6.#Ingrid#and#Toomas#have#class#ranks#of#55#and
56.#Will#the#GPAs#of#Malani#and#Laila#be#the#same#distance#apart#as#the#GPAs#of#Ingrid#and#To
omas?
14. Aurora#is#studying#sleep#disorders#in#adults.#She#gathers#data#on#whether#or#not#they#take#me
dication#to#assist#their#sleep.#Aurora#finds#that#1/3#of#the#adults#take#medication,#and#2/3#do#n
ot.#Which#of#the#following#best#characterizes#"whether#or#not#medication#is#taken?"
a. Constant
b. Variable
15. A#researcher#has#collected#data#that#compares#an#intervention#program#to#a#comparison#pro
gram.# The#researcher#finds#that#the#intervention#program#produces#results#that#are#four#time
s#better#than#the#comparison#program.# Which#measurement#scale#is#implied#and#that#will#al
low#the#researcher#to#make#this#type#of#interpretation?# Select#all#that#apply.
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio
,16. A#researcher#has#access#to#22#local#health#clinics#which#are#part#of#a#network#of#56#health#c
linics#in#the#state.#The#researcher#conducts#a#study#which#includes#the#22#regional#health#cl
inics.# In#this#scenario,#the#22#local#health#clinics#are#which#one#of#the#following?
a. Dichotomous
b. Interval
c. Sample
d. Population
17. A#researcher#has#access#to#22#regional#health#clinics#which#are#part#of#a#network#of#56#heal
th#clinics#in#the#state.#The#researcher#conducts#a#study#which#includes#the#22#regional#healt
h#clinics.# In#this#scenario,#the#56#health#clinics#in#the#state#are#which#one#of#the#following?
a. Dichotomous
b. Interval
c. Sample
d. Population
18. Which#of#the#following#is#an#example#of#a#dichotomous#variable?
a. Dance#type#(ballet,#contemporary,#jazz,#lyrical,#tap)
b. Interest#(no#interest,#somewhat#interested,#much#interest)
c. Total#cost#(measured#in#whole#dollars#ranging#from#$0#to#infinity)
d. Age#(ages#<40#and#ages#40+)
19. Which#of#the#following#is#an#example#of#an#ordinal#variable?
a. Dance#type#(ballet,#contemporary,#jazz,#lyrical,#tap)
b. Interest#(no#interest,#somewhat#interested,#much#interest)
c. Total#cost#(measured#in#whole#dollars#ranging#from#$0#to#infinity)
d. Age#(ages#<40#and#ages#40+)
20. Which#of#the#following#is#an#example#of#a#ratio#variable?
a. Scores#on#the#Myers-Briggs#Type#Indicator#(MBTI)#personality#inventory
b. Number#of#pieces#of#cake#eaten#at#birthday#parties#(measured#in#whole#numbers)
c. Pleasure#experienced#on#vacation#(none,#some,#much)
d. Types#of#plants#preferred#by#homeowners#(bushes,#flowers,#grasses,#trees)
, Answers#to#Conceptual#Problems
1. Constant#(all#individuals#in#the#study#are#married,#thus#the#marital#status#will#be#"married"#for#e
veryone#participating;#in#other#words,#there#is#no#variation#in#"marital#status"#for#this#particular
#scenario)
2. Variable#(while#there#is#not#a#lot#of#variation#given#that#85#of#100#patrons#check#out#fiction#b
ooks,#there#is#some#variation#in#this#scenario)
3. c#(true#ratios#cannot#be#formed#with#interval#variables)
4. b#(greater#than#statements#do#not#apply#to#nominal#variables)
5. d#(true#ratios#can#only#be#formed#with#ratio#variables)
6. a#("season",#as#in#spring,#summer,#winter,#fall,#is#a#nominal#variable)
7. d#(an#absolute#value#of#zero#would#indicate#an#absence#of#what#was#measured—
i.e.,#the#number#of#years#playing#in#a#band—
and#thus#ratio#is#the#scale#of#measure;#although#an#answer#of#zero#is#not#likely#given#that#the#
students#in#the#band#are#those#being#measured,#if#someone#were#to#respond#with#an#answer#o
f#zero,#that#value#would#truly#indicate#"no#years#playing#an#instrument")
8. No#(true#ratios#cannot#be#formed#with#interval#variables)
9. True#(there#are#only#population#parameters#and#sample#statistics;#no#other#combinations#
exist)
10. True#(categorical#variables#can#have#any#number#of#qualitative#values;#dichotomous#variables#
are#limited#to#only#two#values)
11. False#(as#this#is#a#population#parameter,#no#inference#need#be#made)
12. Yes#(although#the#top#5#scores#will#be#increased,#the#ranks#of#every#score#will#remain#the#s
ame)
13. No#(class#rank#is#ordinal#and#equal#intervals#is#not#a#characteristic#of#an#ordinal#variable)
14. Variable#(given#that#some#took#medication#and#others#did#not,#this#indicates#variation#in#what#
was#measured)
15. d#(ratio#variables#will#allow#interpretations#such#as#"four#times#greater"#to#be#made#from#the#d
ata#as#they#have#equal#intervals#and#a#true#zero#point)
16. c#(with#access#to#22#of#the#56#total#health#clinics,#the#researcher#is#working#with#a#sample#of#2
2#from#the#population#of#56)
