Psychological Tests
Who are industrial and organizational psychologists? -
✅-develop, administer and interpret tests
-develop assessments that will identify prospective employees who possess the skills and
characteristics necessary to be successful on the job
Who are research psychologists? -
✅-research involves measurement and assessment
-use measurement during research
-ascertain a variables existence and measure important characteristics of the variable, construct or
entity
Who are educational psychologists? -
✅-application of psychology in educational settings
-use testing, measurement, and assessment issues
-developing and analyzing tests used in educational settings
-educating teachers about how to develop better classroom assessments
How do Clinical Counseling and School Psychologists Differ? -
✅-psychologists who work with patients are trained in a clinical, counseling, or school psychology
program
-trained to provide psychological health care services
What are PhD programs -
✅PhD programs provide broad training in both clinical and research applications
What are PSyD programs? -
✅PSyD programs focus on clinical training and place less emphasis on research
What are clinical psychology programs? -
1|Page
, ✅clinical psychology programs trained psychologists to work with clients with the more severe
forms of psychopathology (e.g schizophrenia)
What are counseling programs? -
✅counseling psychology programs trained psychologists to work with clients with less severe
problems (e.g marriage counseling)
Which tests do clinical and counseling psychologists use? -
✅clinical psychologists tend to use more projective personality assessments
-counseling psychologists use career and vocational assessments
Which treatment styles do clincial and counseling psychologists use? -
✅both clinical and counseling psychologists favour an eclectic/integrative or cognitive
behavioural approach
-clinical psychologists are more likely to endorse psychoanalytic or behavioural orientation
-counseling psychologists tend to favour client-centered or humanistic approaches
Where do clinical and cousneling psychologists work? -
✅clinical psychologists work in private practice, hospitals, or medical schools
-counseling psychologists work in university counseling centers and community mental health
settings
What are school psychology programs? -
✅-prepare their graduates to work with children and adolescents
-trained in psychotherapy and counseling techniques
-receive training in psychological assessment (cognitive, emotional, and behavioural)
-learn to consult with parents and other professionals to promote school success
-57 APA-accredited school psychology training programs
Explain the early testing at 2200 BC. -
✅-the chinese tested public officials to ensure competence (analogous to contemporary civil
service examinations)
2|Page
,-during the Han dynasty, written exams covered five major areas: agriculture, civil law, geography,
military affairs, and revenue
-fourth century the program involved three stages requiring the examinees to spend days isolated in
small booths composing essays and poems
Explain the 18th and 19th century testing - Carl Frederich Gauss -
✅german mathematician, he found his colleagues had different locations when tracking stars
-he plotted the frequency of the observed locations and found observation to take the shape of a
curve (normal curve of distribution)
-the best estimate of the precise location of the star was the mean of the observations and each
independent observation contained a degree of error
Explain Civil Service Examinations -
✅-introduced in european countries in the late 18th century and early 19th centuries
-in 1883 the U.S civil service commission started using similar achievement tests to aid selection of
gov't employees
Physicians Psychiatrists 19th century -
✅-19th century physicians psychiatrists developed classification to classify individuals with
mental retardation and other mental problems
-1930s, Jean Esquirol distinguished insanity from mental deficiency (e.g intellectual deficits)
-->he believed mental retardation existed on a continuum from milkd to profound: verbal skills were
the best insight to determine the level of mental retardation
Who is Emil Kraepelin? -
✅1890s Emil Kraepelin, promoted the use of free-association tests in assessing psychiatric
patients
-free association tests involve the presentation of stimulus words to which the respondent responds
'with the first word that comes to mind'
Who is Freud? -
✅Freud expanded on free expression, he encouraged expression of any and all thoughts that
came to mind in order to identify underlying thoughts and emotions
3|Page
, Brass Instruments Era -
✅-movement toward measuring human abilities using objective procedures that could be
replicated
-they used brass instruments to measure sensory and motor processes based on the assumption that
they were measures of general intelligence
Sir Francis Galton -
✅-founder of mental tests and measurement'
-established the anthropometric laboratory
-data was collected including physical, sensory (e.g reaction time), and motor measurements (e.g
motor speed) on over 17 000 individuals
-first large-scale systematic collection of data on individual differences
James Mckeen Cattell -
✅-shared Galton's belief that simple sensory and motor tests could measure intellectual abilities
-opened psychological laboratories and spread the growing testing movement
-termed mental test
-educated or fostered many successful psychologists
-developed testing procedures (e.g standardized questionnaires and rating scales that became
popular techniques in personality assessment
Clark Wissler -
✅-sensory-motor measures has no correlation with academic achievement
-sensory motor tests have weak correlations with one another
-intellectual tests needed to capture higher order mental processes
Alfred Binet -
✅-experimented with sensory-motor measurements (e.g reach time and sensory acuity)
-he abandoned these measures and used higher order cognitive processes
-Binet-Simon Scale contained sensory-perceptual tests with emphasis on verbal items assessing
comprehension, reasoning, judgment and short-term memory
4|Page
Who are industrial and organizational psychologists? -
✅-develop, administer and interpret tests
-develop assessments that will identify prospective employees who possess the skills and
characteristics necessary to be successful on the job
Who are research psychologists? -
✅-research involves measurement and assessment
-use measurement during research
-ascertain a variables existence and measure important characteristics of the variable, construct or
entity
Who are educational psychologists? -
✅-application of psychology in educational settings
-use testing, measurement, and assessment issues
-developing and analyzing tests used in educational settings
-educating teachers about how to develop better classroom assessments
How do Clinical Counseling and School Psychologists Differ? -
✅-psychologists who work with patients are trained in a clinical, counseling, or school psychology
program
-trained to provide psychological health care services
What are PhD programs -
✅PhD programs provide broad training in both clinical and research applications
What are PSyD programs? -
✅PSyD programs focus on clinical training and place less emphasis on research
What are clinical psychology programs? -
1|Page
, ✅clinical psychology programs trained psychologists to work with clients with the more severe
forms of psychopathology (e.g schizophrenia)
What are counseling programs? -
✅counseling psychology programs trained psychologists to work with clients with less severe
problems (e.g marriage counseling)
Which tests do clinical and counseling psychologists use? -
✅clinical psychologists tend to use more projective personality assessments
-counseling psychologists use career and vocational assessments
Which treatment styles do clincial and counseling psychologists use? -
✅both clinical and counseling psychologists favour an eclectic/integrative or cognitive
behavioural approach
-clinical psychologists are more likely to endorse psychoanalytic or behavioural orientation
-counseling psychologists tend to favour client-centered or humanistic approaches
Where do clinical and cousneling psychologists work? -
✅clinical psychologists work in private practice, hospitals, or medical schools
-counseling psychologists work in university counseling centers and community mental health
settings
What are school psychology programs? -
✅-prepare their graduates to work with children and adolescents
-trained in psychotherapy and counseling techniques
-receive training in psychological assessment (cognitive, emotional, and behavioural)
-learn to consult with parents and other professionals to promote school success
-57 APA-accredited school psychology training programs
Explain the early testing at 2200 BC. -
✅-the chinese tested public officials to ensure competence (analogous to contemporary civil
service examinations)
2|Page
,-during the Han dynasty, written exams covered five major areas: agriculture, civil law, geography,
military affairs, and revenue
-fourth century the program involved three stages requiring the examinees to spend days isolated in
small booths composing essays and poems
Explain the 18th and 19th century testing - Carl Frederich Gauss -
✅german mathematician, he found his colleagues had different locations when tracking stars
-he plotted the frequency of the observed locations and found observation to take the shape of a
curve (normal curve of distribution)
-the best estimate of the precise location of the star was the mean of the observations and each
independent observation contained a degree of error
Explain Civil Service Examinations -
✅-introduced in european countries in the late 18th century and early 19th centuries
-in 1883 the U.S civil service commission started using similar achievement tests to aid selection of
gov't employees
Physicians Psychiatrists 19th century -
✅-19th century physicians psychiatrists developed classification to classify individuals with
mental retardation and other mental problems
-1930s, Jean Esquirol distinguished insanity from mental deficiency (e.g intellectual deficits)
-->he believed mental retardation existed on a continuum from milkd to profound: verbal skills were
the best insight to determine the level of mental retardation
Who is Emil Kraepelin? -
✅1890s Emil Kraepelin, promoted the use of free-association tests in assessing psychiatric
patients
-free association tests involve the presentation of stimulus words to which the respondent responds
'with the first word that comes to mind'
Who is Freud? -
✅Freud expanded on free expression, he encouraged expression of any and all thoughts that
came to mind in order to identify underlying thoughts and emotions
3|Page
, Brass Instruments Era -
✅-movement toward measuring human abilities using objective procedures that could be
replicated
-they used brass instruments to measure sensory and motor processes based on the assumption that
they were measures of general intelligence
Sir Francis Galton -
✅-founder of mental tests and measurement'
-established the anthropometric laboratory
-data was collected including physical, sensory (e.g reaction time), and motor measurements (e.g
motor speed) on over 17 000 individuals
-first large-scale systematic collection of data on individual differences
James Mckeen Cattell -
✅-shared Galton's belief that simple sensory and motor tests could measure intellectual abilities
-opened psychological laboratories and spread the growing testing movement
-termed mental test
-educated or fostered many successful psychologists
-developed testing procedures (e.g standardized questionnaires and rating scales that became
popular techniques in personality assessment
Clark Wissler -
✅-sensory-motor measures has no correlation with academic achievement
-sensory motor tests have weak correlations with one another
-intellectual tests needed to capture higher order mental processes
Alfred Binet -
✅-experimented with sensory-motor measurements (e.g reach time and sensory acuity)
-he abandoned these measures and used higher order cognitive processes
-Binet-Simon Scale contained sensory-perceptual tests with emphasis on verbal items assessing
comprehension, reasoning, judgment and short-term memory
4|Page
