NURS 5315: advanced pathophysiology UTA exam 1 latest updates for 2025

NURS 5315: advanced pathophysiology UTA exam 1 latest updates for 2025 Atrophy - Correct answer E. Cells decrease in size P. Still functional Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood Pathological: disuse" "Hypertrophy - Correct answer E. Increase in cell size P. Increased workload Physiologic: weightlifting Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN" "Hyperplasia - Correct answer E. Increase in cell number P. Increased cellular division Physiologic: liver regeneration Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones" "Dysplasia - Correct answer E. Cells change in size, shape, organization P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation Physiologic: N/A Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV" "Metaplasia - Correct answer E. one cell type replaced with another P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible Physiologic: N/A Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette smoke" "Hypoxia injury - Correct answer E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death. C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy" "Free radical and ROS - Correct answer E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis" "Ethanol - Correct answer E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible" "Oncosis - Correct answer Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections" "Fatty Infiltration - Correct answer intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis" "dystrophic calcification - Correct answer accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis" "metastatic calcification - Correct answer accumulation of Ca in normal tissue result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure" "urate accumulation - Correct answer sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis" "Coagulative Necrosis - Correct answer kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia" "Liquefactive Necrosis - Correct answer nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus" "Caseous Necrosis - Correct answer lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese" "Fat Necrosis - Correct answer breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps" "Gangrenous Necrosis - Correct answer Dry- dark shriveled skin Wet- internal organs- can lead to death Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy" "Gout - Correct answer E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old. P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints. C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red wine, or red meat" "Rhabdomyolysis - Correct answer E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration P. hypoxia leads to cell death, cellular contents are released in bloodstream. C.M. CK is 5x upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine, hypercalcemia, renal failure" "Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - Correct answer Liver and germ cell tumors" "Carcinoembryonic Antigen - Correct answer GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors" "Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin origin - Correct answer germ cell tumors" "Prostate Specific Antigen - Correct answer prostate tumors" "Carcino- - Correct answer from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma" "Sarco- - Correct answer from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma" "-oma - Correct answer benign tumor- lipoma" "Carcinoma in situ - Correct answer preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cells- cervix" "-blastoma - Correct answer from blasts or immature cells- neuroblastoma" "Lung ca metastasis - Correct answer Multiple organs including brain" "Colorectal ca metastasis - Correct answer Liver, lungs" "Testicular ca metastasis - Correct answer Liver, lungs, brain" "Prostate ca metastasis - Correct answer Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver" "Breast ca metastasis - Correct answer Liver, lungs, brain, bones" "Head and neck ca metastasis - Correct answer Liver, bones, lymphatics" "Ovarian ca metastasis - Correct answer Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver" "Sarcoma metastasis - Correct answer Lungs" "Melanoma metastasis - Correct answer In transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract" "Mechanisms of ca metastasis - Correct answer Local invasion, followed by invasion of surrounding tissues. Cells then may invade blood and lymphatic vessels. They must survive in circulation, then enter and survive in a new location. Then the cells can multiply and form a new tumor." "TNM staging system - Correct answer T= tumor size >/= correlates with metastatic ability N= whether lymph nodes are involved M= extra nodal involvement (liver, lungs)" "Intravascular fluid compartment - Correct answer In venous system- 20%" "Osmolality - Correct answer The measure of solute concentration in a fluid. 280-295 mOsm" "Interstitial fluid compartment - Correct answer Surrounds the cells and bathes them in nutrients- 20%" "Intracellular fluid compartment - Correct answer Within the cells- 40% uk" "Osmosis - Correct answer Passive- the movement of water from an area of low concentration of solute to one of higher concentration" "Osmotic pressure - Correct answer Pulling- the amount of pressure or force that is exerted by solute molecules of a given compartment" "Hydrostatic pressure - Correct answer Blood pressure- pushes fluid outside of the vessels, the force of fluid against the walls of a compartment- venous obstruction, Na and water retention" "Oncotic pressure - Correct answer Colloid pressure keeps water inside the compartment, attracts water from interstitial space back into the capillary- losses or diminished albumin" "Effective arterial blood volume - Correct answer The amount of blood within the arterial space- ECF changes will cause changes in the EABV in the same direction" "Antidiuretic hormone - Correct answer Secreted by pituitary gland in response to water deficit, Na excess, or hypotension. Causes kidneys to reabsorb water, increasing plasma volume" "Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System - Correct answer Activated by low blood volume, triggers release of renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. ACE converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin which causes arterial vasoconstriction and stimulates release of aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates renal Na reabsorption and K+ excretion. Water is retained, less urine is produced, blood volume increases." "Natriuretic hormones - Correct answer ANP and BNP- released by heart- works opposite RAAS to decrease blood volume, promotes urinary excretion of Na and water" "Fluid volume deficit - Correct answer Dehydration- intake is not enough for body's needs C.M. Poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, sunken fontanelles, decreased urine output, fatigue" "Fluid volume excess - Correct answer Fluid intake exceeds body's needs C.M. Edema, rales, HTN, weight gain, bounding pulses, intake> output, JVD, restlessness or anxiety" "Edema - Correct answer Accumulation of fluid within the interstitial space- venous obstruction, Na and water retention C.M. can be localized or dependent, tightness of skin, facial swelling, rales, decreased wound healing, increased risk of pressure sores, weight gain" "Euvolemic Hypernatremia - Correct answer total body water loss, usually from DI C.M. severe polyuria and mild hypernatremia, weight loss, weak pulses, tachycardia, postural hypotension, fever, restless" "hypovolemic hypernatremia - Correct answer from GI losses or diuretics C.M. Volume depletion, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, lack of organ perfusion" "hypervolemic hypernatremia - Correct answer administration of hypertonic saline C.M. volume overload, edema, chf, htn, pulmonary edema" "mild hyponatremia - Correct answer Na 125-135 C.M. anorexia, apathy, restless, nausea, lethargy, muscle cramps" "moderate hyponatremia - Correct answer Na 120-125 C.M. agitation, disorientation, headache" "severe hyponatremia - Correct answer Na <120 C.M. seizures, coma, areflexia, incontinence, death" "isotonic hyponatremia - Correct answer mOsm 280-295- not true hypovolemia- from elevated triglycerides or serum proteins" "hypertonic hyponatremia - Correct answer mOsm >295- from solutes other than Na- osmotic pressure leads to fluid shift from intracellular to extracellular" "hypotonic hyponatremia - Correct answer mOsm <280 and urine Na >100- fluid excess r/t intake or renal impairment" "insulin effect on K+ - Correct answer K+ enters cell with glucose transport. Monitor Type II DM for hypokalemia" "acid base balance effect on K+ - Correct answer hydrogen enters cell, allowing potassium to escape during acidosis, visa versa for alkalosis" "Adrenergic agents effect on K+ - Correct answer albuterol, beta blockers, and alpha adrenergic antagonists cause K+ movement into the cell. Alpha adrenergic receptors shift K+ out of the cell" "Osmolality effect on K+ - Correct answer hyperosmolality causes water to shift out of cell via osmosis. K+ will also shift out, causing hyperkalemia." "Cell lysis effect on K+ - Correct answer intracellular K+ is released into bloodstream" "Exercise effect on K+ - Correct answer cellular ATP is diminished, opening K+ channels and allowing K+ to leave cell" "Kidneys effect on K+ - Correct answer excretion and absorption of K+ is regulated by tubule system" "calcium and phosphorus relationship - Correct answer inverse relationship- if one increases= other one decreases, rehulated by PTH, Vit D, calcitonin" "magnesium and potassium - Correct answer mag inhibits the potassium channels, keeping balance. when mag is low, more K+ exits the call, and is excreted via the kidneys." "calcium and ionized calcium - Correct answer acidosis increases ionized Ca+ alkalosis decreases ionized Ca+ and may cause symptoms of hypocalcemia" "calcium and albumin - Correct answer When blood levels of albumin are low, serum calcium levels will also be low as there is less protein available for binding" "metabolic acidosis - Correct answer E. increased acid production, loss of bicarb, diminished renal excretion of hydrogen C.M hyperventilation (compensatory), h/a, n/v/d, dehydration, hypotension pH <7.4 HCO3 <22" "metabolic alkalosis - Correct answer E. GI loss, diuretic use C.M. slow, shallow respirations, irritability, twitching, s/s of hypokalemia pH >7.4 HCO3 >26" "respiratory acidosis - Correct answer E. cns depression, airway abnormalities C.M. restless, confused, seizures, tachycardia pH <7.4 PaCO2 >44" "respiratory alkalosis - Correct answer E. usually anxiety, PE, chf, salicylate OD, illegal drugs C.M. light-headed, confused, tetany pH >7.4 PaCO2 <38" "pH normal HCO3 normal PaCO2 normal - Correct answer 7.35-7.45 22-26 38-44" "Allele - Correct answer Paired genes on autosomal chromosomes" "Locus - Correct answer Position in which a gene occupies on a chromosome" "Phenotype - Correct answer Outward appearance of an individual" "Genotype - Correct answer A map of ones specific genes" "Polymorphic - Correct answer Two or more alleles which occur with an appreciable frequency in a population" "Homozygous - Correct answer Two dominant or recessive alleles" "Heterozygous - Correct answer When both a dominant and a recessive allele are present" "Dominant - Correct answer Trait seen in phenotype" "Recessive - Correct answer Trait not seen in phenotype" "Codominance - Correct answer Both alleles exhibit (blood type AB)" "Carrier - Correct answer Person who has a diseased gene but is phenotypically normal" "Autosomal chromosomes - Correct answer first 22 of 23 chromosomes" "sex-linked chromosomes - Correct answer 23rd pair of chromosomes" "