EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE PHARMACOLOGY RASMUSSEN
NUR2474 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1. 6 rights of med administration: i. Patient
ii. Drug
iii. Dose
iv.Time
v. Route
vi. Documentation
2. Extra rights to med admin: i. Assessment
ii. Evaluation
iii. Patient to education iv. Patient to refuse care
3. Biggest medication error is misinterpreting prescriptions: i. Do not assume
if something is unclear about an order. Clarify with prescriber.
ii. TORB and VORB
(Telephone order read back) (Verbal order read back).
4. Pre- medication administration assessment and interventions: 1. If patient
is complaining of pain 10/10, intervene (prn meds, standing orders, call
physician fornew orders) then assess.
2. Collection of baseline data to evaluate therapeutic effects and adverse
effects.
3. Identification of high-risk patients.
4. Assessment of the patient's capacity for self-care.
5. Allergies?
a) Collect history. What happens during an allergic reaction?
b) If patient is having an allergic reaction: primary intervention is to
STOP THEMEDICATION THAT IS CAUSING THE REACTION.
6. If patient refuses drug, determine why. INVESTIGATE.
5. Post- medication administration assessment and interventions: 1. Thera-
peutic response 2. Adverse reaction and interaction
3. Adherence to treatment
4. Satisfaction with treatment
6. Patient teaching for medication therapy in general (safety, and compliance)-
: i. Safety
1. If medication causing certain side effects, consult physician.
ii. Compliance
,1. It is important not to stop or change a medication without consulting the
physician.
2. Take medications as prescribed and for the reason they are prescribed.
7. Side effects vs adverse effects vs allergies: a. Side effects.
i. Nausea, vomiting, expected and unavoidable reactions, drug effects
produced attherapeutic level.
b. Adverse effects.
,i. Noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug
doses,harmful at therapeutic level.
c. Allergies.
i. Redness, itching, hives, swelling; A condition in which the immune system
reactsabnormally to a foreign substance.
8. a. Side effects.: i. Nausea, vomiting, expected and unavoidable ns, drug
reactioeffects produced at therapeutic level.
9. b. Adverse effects.: i. Noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that
occurs atnormal drug doses, harmful at therapeutic level.
10. c. Allergies.: i. Redness, itching, hives, swelling; A condition hich the im-
in w mune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance.
11. Intended effect: i. Maintenance of vital signs within expected li
mits.
ii. Decrease in the risk of seizures.
iii. Decrease in the intensity of withdrawal manifestations.
iv. Substitution therapy during alcohol withdrawal.
12. Teratogenic effect: i. Drug-induced birth defect.
ii. Birth defects are not limited to distortions of gross anatomy; theyinclude
also
neurobehavioral and metabolic anomalies.
13. Paradoxical effect: i. Opposite the intended drug effect.
ii. Common example:
1. Insomnia and excitement that may occur when some children and older
adults aregiven benzodiazepines for sedation.
14. Tolerance: i. Pharmacodynamic tolerance
1. Reduced responsiveness to a medication that clients take over time.
ii. Metabolic tolerance 1. Metabolism of medication increases over time
and theeffectiveness of the medication declines.
iii. Cross-tolerance
1. Become tolerant to a medication that is chemically similar to another
medicationthey became tolerant of.
, 15. i. Pharmacodynamic tolerance: 1. Reduced responsiveness to a medication
that clients take over time.
16. ii. Metabolic tolerance: 1. Metabolism of medication increases over time and
the effectiveness of the medication declines
17. iii. Cross-tolerance: 1. Become tolerant to a medication that is chemically
similar to another medication they became tolerant of.
18. Half-life of medications: a. Defined as the time required for the amount of
drugin the body to decrease by 50%.
b. Percentage versus amount.
c. Determines the dosing interval.
19. Half-life of Modafinil (CNS suppressant; narcolepsy): About 15 hours.
20. Half-life of Phenytoin (Seizures): 8-60 hours
1. lower doses: 8 hours. 2. higher doses: 60 hours.
21. Half-life of Fluvoxamine (SSRI): About 15 hours.
22. Half-life of Citalopram (SSRI): About 35 hours.
23. Half-life of Duloxetine (SNRI): 12 hours.
24. Donepezil (Aricept): Therapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
25. Alzheimer's Disease: i. uncurable, cannot be delayed/slowed, or
reversed. However cognitive decline can be slowed down with meds.
Cholinesterase inhibitorsmay cause fainting due to hypotension and
bradycardia.
26. Donepezil: i. Indicated for mild, moderate or severe AD.
ii. Affects ACh levels.
iii.Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) instead of NSAIDs (aspirin or ibuprofen).
iv. Inhibition/prevention to breakdown Acetylcholine (ACh).
27. Donepenzil (common side effects): v. Common side effects
1. Nausea/vomiting
2. GI discomfort (diarrhea)
3. dyspepsia (indigestion)
4. headache
5. fainting
6. falls/fall-related fractures
vi. Cholinesterase Inhibitors.
vii. Inhibitors prevent acetylcholinesterase from inactivating ACh
(prevents fromdoing their job.).
viii. This causes an increase of ACh, therefore there is a decrease in
dopamine. ix.
NUR2474 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1. 6 rights of med administration: i. Patient
ii. Drug
iii. Dose
iv.Time
v. Route
vi. Documentation
2. Extra rights to med admin: i. Assessment
ii. Evaluation
iii. Patient to education iv. Patient to refuse care
3. Biggest medication error is misinterpreting prescriptions: i. Do not assume
if something is unclear about an order. Clarify with prescriber.
ii. TORB and VORB
(Telephone order read back) (Verbal order read back).
4. Pre- medication administration assessment and interventions: 1. If patient
is complaining of pain 10/10, intervene (prn meds, standing orders, call
physician fornew orders) then assess.
2. Collection of baseline data to evaluate therapeutic effects and adverse
effects.
3. Identification of high-risk patients.
4. Assessment of the patient's capacity for self-care.
5. Allergies?
a) Collect history. What happens during an allergic reaction?
b) If patient is having an allergic reaction: primary intervention is to
STOP THEMEDICATION THAT IS CAUSING THE REACTION.
6. If patient refuses drug, determine why. INVESTIGATE.
5. Post- medication administration assessment and interventions: 1. Thera-
peutic response 2. Adverse reaction and interaction
3. Adherence to treatment
4. Satisfaction with treatment
6. Patient teaching for medication therapy in general (safety, and compliance)-
: i. Safety
1. If medication causing certain side effects, consult physician.
ii. Compliance
,1. It is important not to stop or change a medication without consulting the
physician.
2. Take medications as prescribed and for the reason they are prescribed.
7. Side effects vs adverse effects vs allergies: a. Side effects.
i. Nausea, vomiting, expected and unavoidable reactions, drug effects
produced attherapeutic level.
b. Adverse effects.
,i. Noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug
doses,harmful at therapeutic level.
c. Allergies.
i. Redness, itching, hives, swelling; A condition in which the immune system
reactsabnormally to a foreign substance.
8. a. Side effects.: i. Nausea, vomiting, expected and unavoidable ns, drug
reactioeffects produced at therapeutic level.
9. b. Adverse effects.: i. Noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that
occurs atnormal drug doses, harmful at therapeutic level.
10. c. Allergies.: i. Redness, itching, hives, swelling; A condition hich the im-
in w mune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance.
11. Intended effect: i. Maintenance of vital signs within expected li
mits.
ii. Decrease in the risk of seizures.
iii. Decrease in the intensity of withdrawal manifestations.
iv. Substitution therapy during alcohol withdrawal.
12. Teratogenic effect: i. Drug-induced birth defect.
ii. Birth defects are not limited to distortions of gross anatomy; theyinclude
also
neurobehavioral and metabolic anomalies.
13. Paradoxical effect: i. Opposite the intended drug effect.
ii. Common example:
1. Insomnia and excitement that may occur when some children and older
adults aregiven benzodiazepines for sedation.
14. Tolerance: i. Pharmacodynamic tolerance
1. Reduced responsiveness to a medication that clients take over time.
ii. Metabolic tolerance 1. Metabolism of medication increases over time
and theeffectiveness of the medication declines.
iii. Cross-tolerance
1. Become tolerant to a medication that is chemically similar to another
medicationthey became tolerant of.
, 15. i. Pharmacodynamic tolerance: 1. Reduced responsiveness to a medication
that clients take over time.
16. ii. Metabolic tolerance: 1. Metabolism of medication increases over time and
the effectiveness of the medication declines
17. iii. Cross-tolerance: 1. Become tolerant to a medication that is chemically
similar to another medication they became tolerant of.
18. Half-life of medications: a. Defined as the time required for the amount of
drugin the body to decrease by 50%.
b. Percentage versus amount.
c. Determines the dosing interval.
19. Half-life of Modafinil (CNS suppressant; narcolepsy): About 15 hours.
20. Half-life of Phenytoin (Seizures): 8-60 hours
1. lower doses: 8 hours. 2. higher doses: 60 hours.
21. Half-life of Fluvoxamine (SSRI): About 15 hours.
22. Half-life of Citalopram (SSRI): About 35 hours.
23. Half-life of Duloxetine (SNRI): 12 hours.
24. Donepezil (Aricept): Therapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
25. Alzheimer's Disease: i. uncurable, cannot be delayed/slowed, or
reversed. However cognitive decline can be slowed down with meds.
Cholinesterase inhibitorsmay cause fainting due to hypotension and
bradycardia.
26. Donepezil: i. Indicated for mild, moderate or severe AD.
ii. Affects ACh levels.
iii.Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) instead of NSAIDs (aspirin or ibuprofen).
iv. Inhibition/prevention to breakdown Acetylcholine (ACh).
27. Donepenzil (common side effects): v. Common side effects
1. Nausea/vomiting
2. GI discomfort (diarrhea)
3. dyspepsia (indigestion)
4. headache
5. fainting
6. falls/fall-related fractures
vi. Cholinesterase Inhibitors.
vii. Inhibitors prevent acetylcholinesterase from inactivating ACh
(prevents fromdoing their job.).
viii. This causes an increase of ACh, therefore there is a decrease in
dopamine. ix.
