ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1 FINAL EXAM REVIEW FULLY
SOLVED #3
What are the levels of organization? - correct answer 1. chemical level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level
4. organ level
5. organ system level
6. organismal level
Superior - correct answer Towards the head, or upper part of a structure
Inferior - correct answer Towards the feet, or the lowest part of a structure
Anterior/Ventral - correct answer Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior/Dorsal - correct answer Nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial - correct answer Nearer to the midline or the midsagittal plane
Lateral - correct answer Farther away from the body midline or midsagittal plane
Intermediate - correct answer Between two structures
Proximal - correct answer Nearer to the attachment of a limb to a trunk
Distal - correct answer Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial - correct answer Toward or on the body surface
Deep - correct answer Away from the surface of the body
Supination - correct answer Palms up/anterior
Pronation - correct answer Palms down/posterior
Inversion - correct answer Soles pointing in or medially
Eversion - correct answer Soles pointing out or laterally
Dorsiflexion - correct answer Bending the foot back, towards the body
Plantar Flexion - correct answer Pointing the foot down, away from the body
Cranial - correct answer Towards the head or superior end of the body
,Caudal - correct answer Toward the tail or inferior end of the trunk (cauda equina)
Ipsilateral - correct answer Situated on or pertaining to the same side of the body
Contralateral - correct answer Situated on or pertaining to the opposite side of the body
Flexion - correct answer Decrease of angle between two bones
Lateral flexion - correct answer Bending the neck or torso to the side
Rotation - correct answer Moving a bone or body part around its own axis
Abduction - correct answer Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction - correct answer Movement toward the midline of the body
Antecubital - correct answer Situated in front of the elbow
Axillary - correct answer Small pyramidal space between the upper lateral chest and
arm
Brachial - correct answer Pertaining to the arm (from shoulder to elbow)
Buccal - correct answer Cheek
Calcaneal - correct answer Heel
Carpal - correct answer Wrist
Cervical - correct answer Neck or neck of an organ structure
Digital - correct answer Finger manipulation or imprint
Femoral - correct answer Thigh
Glabella - correct answer Between the eyebrows
Gluteal - correct answer Buttocks
Inguinal - correct answer The juncture between the abdomen and thigh (groin)
Lumbar - correct answer Part of the back between the thorax and pelvis (loins)
Mammary - correct answer Breast
Occipital - correct answer Posterior inferior portion of the cranium
,Orbital - correct answer Bone cavity of the eyeball
Patellar - correct answer Front of the knee
Plantar - correct answer Sole of the foot
Popliteal - correct answer Posterior surface of the knee (back of the knee)
Pubic - correct answer Anterior inferior portion of the hip bone
Scapular - correct answer Flat, triangular bone in the back of the shoulder (shoulder
blade)
Sternal - correct answer Sternum
Tarsal - correct answer Ankle bones
Thoracic - correct answer Chest or spinal region (thorax)
Vertebral - correct answer Pertaining to the 24 bones of the spinal column
Saggital Plane - correct answer Vertical plane that divides the body/organs into *right
and left sides.*
Midsaggital Plane - correct answer When the right and left sides are *equal in size* and
*runs through the midline of the body/organs*
Parasaggital plane - correct answer When the body/organs are divided into *unequal
right and left sides.*
Frontal/Coronal Plane - correct answer Divides the body/organs into *anterior and
posterior portions.*
Transverse Plane - correct answer Divides the body into *superior and inferior portions.*
Oblique Plane - correct answer Passes through the body/organ at a *diagonal angle.*
Four Quadrants - correct answer Left Lower Quadrant:
Intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
Right Lower Quadrant:
appendix, intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
Right Upper Quadrant:
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines
, Left Upper Quadrant:
stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas and intestines
What is a serous membrane and what lines the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera? -
correct answer The thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral
body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains.
-The serous membrane covering the *heart* and lining the *mediastinum* is referred to
as the *pericardium,
-The serous membrane lining the *thoracic cavity* and *surrounding the lungs* is
referred to as the *pleura*
-The serous membrane that lines the *abdominopelvic cavity* and the *viscera* is
referred to as the *peritoneum.*
Body cavities w/ details visual - correct answer
Homeostasis - correct answer Maintaining a stable internal environment
-Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body
temperature and pressure
*Positive feedback loop* - The output *enhances the original stimulus.* A good example
of a positive feedback system is *child birth.* During labor, a hormone called oxytocin is
released that intensifies and speeds up contractions. The increase in contractions
causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born. The
birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism.
*Negative feedback loop* - Almost all homeostatic control mechanisms are negative
feedback mechanisms.
-These mechanisms *change the variable back to its original state or "ideal value".*
- The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is a good example of a negative
feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change .
In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering
blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops
releasing insulin.
*Homeostasis control variables*
-Homeostatic control mechanisms have at least *three interdependent components*: a
*receptor*, *integrating center*, and *effector*. The receptor senses environmental
stimuli, sending the information to the integrating center.
SOLVED #3
What are the levels of organization? - correct answer 1. chemical level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level
4. organ level
5. organ system level
6. organismal level
Superior - correct answer Towards the head, or upper part of a structure
Inferior - correct answer Towards the feet, or the lowest part of a structure
Anterior/Ventral - correct answer Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior/Dorsal - correct answer Nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial - correct answer Nearer to the midline or the midsagittal plane
Lateral - correct answer Farther away from the body midline or midsagittal plane
Intermediate - correct answer Between two structures
Proximal - correct answer Nearer to the attachment of a limb to a trunk
Distal - correct answer Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial - correct answer Toward or on the body surface
Deep - correct answer Away from the surface of the body
Supination - correct answer Palms up/anterior
Pronation - correct answer Palms down/posterior
Inversion - correct answer Soles pointing in or medially
Eversion - correct answer Soles pointing out or laterally
Dorsiflexion - correct answer Bending the foot back, towards the body
Plantar Flexion - correct answer Pointing the foot down, away from the body
Cranial - correct answer Towards the head or superior end of the body
,Caudal - correct answer Toward the tail or inferior end of the trunk (cauda equina)
Ipsilateral - correct answer Situated on or pertaining to the same side of the body
Contralateral - correct answer Situated on or pertaining to the opposite side of the body
Flexion - correct answer Decrease of angle between two bones
Lateral flexion - correct answer Bending the neck or torso to the side
Rotation - correct answer Moving a bone or body part around its own axis
Abduction - correct answer Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction - correct answer Movement toward the midline of the body
Antecubital - correct answer Situated in front of the elbow
Axillary - correct answer Small pyramidal space between the upper lateral chest and
arm
Brachial - correct answer Pertaining to the arm (from shoulder to elbow)
Buccal - correct answer Cheek
Calcaneal - correct answer Heel
Carpal - correct answer Wrist
Cervical - correct answer Neck or neck of an organ structure
Digital - correct answer Finger manipulation or imprint
Femoral - correct answer Thigh
Glabella - correct answer Between the eyebrows
Gluteal - correct answer Buttocks
Inguinal - correct answer The juncture between the abdomen and thigh (groin)
Lumbar - correct answer Part of the back between the thorax and pelvis (loins)
Mammary - correct answer Breast
Occipital - correct answer Posterior inferior portion of the cranium
,Orbital - correct answer Bone cavity of the eyeball
Patellar - correct answer Front of the knee
Plantar - correct answer Sole of the foot
Popliteal - correct answer Posterior surface of the knee (back of the knee)
Pubic - correct answer Anterior inferior portion of the hip bone
Scapular - correct answer Flat, triangular bone in the back of the shoulder (shoulder
blade)
Sternal - correct answer Sternum
Tarsal - correct answer Ankle bones
Thoracic - correct answer Chest or spinal region (thorax)
Vertebral - correct answer Pertaining to the 24 bones of the spinal column
Saggital Plane - correct answer Vertical plane that divides the body/organs into *right
and left sides.*
Midsaggital Plane - correct answer When the right and left sides are *equal in size* and
*runs through the midline of the body/organs*
Parasaggital plane - correct answer When the body/organs are divided into *unequal
right and left sides.*
Frontal/Coronal Plane - correct answer Divides the body/organs into *anterior and
posterior portions.*
Transverse Plane - correct answer Divides the body into *superior and inferior portions.*
Oblique Plane - correct answer Passes through the body/organ at a *diagonal angle.*
Four Quadrants - correct answer Left Lower Quadrant:
Intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
Right Lower Quadrant:
appendix, intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
Right Upper Quadrant:
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines
, Left Upper Quadrant:
stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas and intestines
What is a serous membrane and what lines the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera? -
correct answer The thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral
body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains.
-The serous membrane covering the *heart* and lining the *mediastinum* is referred to
as the *pericardium,
-The serous membrane lining the *thoracic cavity* and *surrounding the lungs* is
referred to as the *pleura*
-The serous membrane that lines the *abdominopelvic cavity* and the *viscera* is
referred to as the *peritoneum.*
Body cavities w/ details visual - correct answer
Homeostasis - correct answer Maintaining a stable internal environment
-Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body
temperature and pressure
*Positive feedback loop* - The output *enhances the original stimulus.* A good example
of a positive feedback system is *child birth.* During labor, a hormone called oxytocin is
released that intensifies and speeds up contractions. The increase in contractions
causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born. The
birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism.
*Negative feedback loop* - Almost all homeostatic control mechanisms are negative
feedback mechanisms.
-These mechanisms *change the variable back to its original state or "ideal value".*
- The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is a good example of a negative
feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change .
In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering
blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops
releasing insulin.
*Homeostasis control variables*
-Homeostatic control mechanisms have at least *three interdependent components*: a
*receptor*, *integrating center*, and *effector*. The receptor senses environmental
stimuli, sending the information to the integrating center.
