BIOD 171 -Microbiology Final Quiz with verified Solutions |Latest 2024/2025

BIOD 171 -Microbiology Final Quiz _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-




with verified Solutions. _;- _;-




Define catabolism the breakdown of complex molecules in living
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organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy;
_;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-


destructive metabolism. _;-




What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles?
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There are two major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that
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carry genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of
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hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable
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characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering
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the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
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What is the plasma membrane, and what is it made up of?
_;- _;- _;- The _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-_;- _;- _;-


plasma membrane serves the cell as a surrounding barrier that separates
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the inside of the cell from the outside surrounding environment. The
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plasma membrane also restricts the movement of materials (water,
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nutrients, etc) either in or out of the cell, thus allowing a cells to absorb
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and keep what is needed (influx) while also preventing the escape (out
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flux) of essential nutrients. The plasma membrane is composed of lipids
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(hydrophobic hydrocarbons). _;-




What are the three main components of carbohydrates?
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Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
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,Examples would include, C6H12O6 (glucose) C12H22O11 (sucrose) and
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C6H10O5 (cellulose). _;-




What is the primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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_;- Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, a membrane enclosed region
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within the cell that contains the genetic material. Prokaryotic cells do not
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have a nucleus and can be further classified as either Bacteria or Archaea.
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What are the main morphologies of bacteria?
_;- _;- Bacteria can be _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-_;- _;- _;- _;- _;-



described as coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod)
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or spirillum (spiral/corkscrew).
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Which group (classification) of microbes is noted for its ability to survive
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under harsh conditions? _;- Archaea. They are able to survive in
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extremely harsh environmental conditions such as high salt levels, acid
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conditions, high temperatures and oxygen-poor conditions.
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What are the four main classifications of Eukarya?
_;- _;- Eukaryotic _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-_;- _;- _;-



microorganisms are classified as either belonging to Animalia, Plantae, _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-


Fungi or Protista. _;- _;-




Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
_;- _;- No. _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-_;- _;- _;-



Viruses are considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses are
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not considered living and do not replicate on their own, meaning they
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must replicate within a host.
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,The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what?
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The cell membrane is a bilayer composed primarily of amphipathic
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phospholipids, meaning they contain a polar hydrophilic (water loving)
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head group and a non-polar hydrophobic (water fearing) tail region. The
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lipid bilayer is situated in such a way where the non-polar tail groups
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face inward thus orienting the polar head groups to interact with water
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both outside and inside of the cell.
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What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be
_;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-


sure to know the roles of each.
_;- _;- Ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER
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(site of protein synthesis), Golgi (protein modification and distribution),
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lysosomes (waste disposal), mitochondria (ATP generation) and
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chloroplasts (plants only; site of photosynthesis). _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-




What is cellular metabolism?
_;- _;- Metabolism is a controlled set of _;- _;-_;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-



biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain
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life.


What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated?
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Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is
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not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the
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cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that in the
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absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its
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presence enzymes are active. _;- _;- _;-




What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
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Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful
_;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-


energy sources whereas anabolism is the building up or biosynthesis of
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, macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes, _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-


most often associated with cellular growth and repair.
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ATP has the energy to ,BLANK while ADP has the capacity to BLANK
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energy. donate; accept _;-_;- _;- _;-




Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-_;-



Chemotrophs, which acquire energy from preformed chemicals
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found in the environment, can be divided into either organotrophs
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(removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose) or
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lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules.
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Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? Chemotrophs
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use oxidative phosphorylation (as opposed to photo or substrate-level
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phosphorylation). Oxidative phosphorylation utilizes the energy released _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-



by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP.
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What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose?
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Glycolysis is the first step of this process and yields 2 molecules of ATP.
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Next, by either fermentation (or respiration) 2 additional molecules of
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ATP can be produced. Last, the electron transport chain (ETC) produces
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34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation event at the plasma membrane.
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What are the reactants of glycolysis?
_;- _;- Reactants are defined as any
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molecules present and involved at the beginning of a specific chemical
_;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-


reaction (ie) glycolysis. In terms of writing out a chemical reaction, the
_;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;- _;-


reactants are everything located to the left of the arrow. The reactants
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of glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme NAD+ and ATP.
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