ENERGETICS I
careful with rounding
STANDARD CONDITIONS : 101 UPa ↳ lattice energy-heat energy released when one mole of solid ionic compound
2984 ↳ can't be directly determined by experiments
Standard state
3
9 mol an ↳ themochemical cylee-based on formation of the icnic compound from its elevents in sta
e .
. Borne-Haber
g Cycle-includes all the
enthalpy changes involved in the formation of an isn't
ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF NACK Nals) +
(1) (g) >
- NaCl Is
ENTHALPY OF ATOMSATION OF NO > Nalg)
Nals)-
ENTHALPY OF ATOMISATION OF CL E((z(g) +>
<(g)
+
1st IONISATION ENERGY OF Na Na (g) +
(((g) + e-
ELECTRON AFFINITY OF CI
X (g) + Y(g) +
e
-
-
SEAHO
Yig)
+
-y
(g) +
DisH
a
energy
X (g) + Y (g)
↑
Are He
1848
W
-
[
Q1) hig) +
11(3) + e- - - 420 .
24 -
90 -
436 + 706 = Deto Q2) Naig) +
Seton
↑ 4944
+
(g) (g)
-
+ x
+ +20
↓
U(y) + C /(g)
DEA Na(g) +
-84
=
int Est
12 =
122 high +
[Ch(g) -
706 -
388 Narg) +
+ go
Ym(s) +
=(19)
+ 109
YNais) +
-
436
↓ -
388
KCLIS)
FACTORS AFFECTING LATTICE ENTHALPIES POLARISATION OF IONS
12 121
↓
1
↓ I
=
p
I
t
⑦O
-
+1
-
can attract each other la
·
-
+
strongly-closely packed +2
-
more exothemic
more exothemic
---
·
ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION 1-tire (
-
+3 1-tire (
5
attraction greater
ionic creasesa increases
attraction
polarisability of
ania
(larger radius)
& gicntionic lattice I mone e-(
↳
dissociation
less attraction to
NaCl(aq) >
- Na + FACTORS AFFECTING HYDRATION ENTHALPIES
the nucleus
+
aq lag)
+ c (a) Imore-live the charge
mu
I ↓
I
-
1
+
·
F
hydration exerts more attraction
on water molecules
-
I and more released
EXPERIMENTAL LE
is
energy +2
US THEOR
more exothemic
00 -
more exothemic
- (
-
1-tire
W 1-tire ( +3
if LEexpt(Etheory a HIG
more attraction greater
attraction
assumption te ION
COMP
(almost 100 %)
if LEexpt FLEtheay assumption false
)
=
covalent character
IONIC LATTICE
+ SOLVENTAution SOLUTION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEExper AND LEmory
-
EXT
↳
and
cation c
↳ Marion ra
↳
cana
some cov
·
ENTROPY
temal stability
↳ read Q : live
entropy
: move
4) even is feasible reaction still not d e no
,
may occur
GASEOUS IONS + SOLUENT Kinetic factors
ENTHALPY = AHuya Ication) +
Alluyalarian) -
Alliant ↳ natural for systems to become more disordered over time unless work is done
tendency
↳ disorder than
is more probable order ENTROPY CALCULATIONS
HYDRATION exo
achieved
↳ more ways for a disordered state to be
DISSOCIATION Endo
-
2
1. 38x10 1) calculate Al
1
for the chemica
ENTROPY a measure of disorder J K-'mol-
·
low few ways to arrange its
components
S = uIm W 2)
Calculate the Assurroundings
I
·
high many equivalent ways
to
arange its components entropy
fancy
d ↳ no· of
component can
ways a
be arranged
log function
3) Calculate the &S system
ENTHALDYT
4) Calculate the AS
M
GASEOUS IONS
ENTROPY
GAS
S
ENTROPY INCREASES WHEN : 31
SH
- comment on the feasibility of the rea
↑
muD(AT)
IHLATT ↳ ionic solid dissolves
AH red Can evaporating ↳ solids melt
↳ liquids boil
gas molecules increases
up
↳ no
IONIC LATTICEL ↳ tuperance increases
AN SOLUTION
SOLID ! melting Sgas
>
Squid" S said
V V
careful with rounding
STANDARD CONDITIONS : 101 UPa ↳ lattice energy-heat energy released when one mole of solid ionic compound
2984 ↳ can't be directly determined by experiments
Standard state
3
9 mol an ↳ themochemical cylee-based on formation of the icnic compound from its elevents in sta
e .
. Borne-Haber
g Cycle-includes all the
enthalpy changes involved in the formation of an isn't
ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF NACK Nals) +
(1) (g) >
- NaCl Is
ENTHALPY OF ATOMSATION OF NO > Nalg)
Nals)-
ENTHALPY OF ATOMISATION OF CL E((z(g) +>
<(g)
+
1st IONISATION ENERGY OF Na Na (g) +
(((g) + e-
ELECTRON AFFINITY OF CI
X (g) + Y(g) +
e
-
-
SEAHO
Yig)
+
-y
(g) +
DisH
a
energy
X (g) + Y (g)
↑
Are He
1848
W
-
[
Q1) hig) +
11(3) + e- - - 420 .
24 -
90 -
436 + 706 = Deto Q2) Naig) +
Seton
↑ 4944
+
(g) (g)
-
+ x
+ +20
↓
U(y) + C /(g)
DEA Na(g) +
-84
=
int Est
12 =
122 high +
[Ch(g) -
706 -
388 Narg) +
+ go
Ym(s) +
=(19)
+ 109
YNais) +
-
436
↓ -
388
KCLIS)
FACTORS AFFECTING LATTICE ENTHALPIES POLARISATION OF IONS
12 121
↓
1
↓ I
=
p
I
t
⑦O
-
+1
-
can attract each other la
·
-
+
strongly-closely packed +2
-
more exothemic
more exothemic
---
·
ENTHALPY OF SOLUTION 1-tire (
-
+3 1-tire (
5
attraction greater
ionic creasesa increases
attraction
polarisability of
ania
(larger radius)
& gicntionic lattice I mone e-(
↳
dissociation
less attraction to
NaCl(aq) >
- Na + FACTORS AFFECTING HYDRATION ENTHALPIES
the nucleus
+
aq lag)
+ c (a) Imore-live the charge
mu
I ↓
I
-
1
+
·
F
hydration exerts more attraction
on water molecules
-
I and more released
EXPERIMENTAL LE
is
energy +2
US THEOR
more exothemic
00 -
more exothemic
- (
-
1-tire
W 1-tire ( +3
if LEexpt(Etheory a HIG
more attraction greater
attraction
assumption te ION
COMP
(almost 100 %)
if LEexpt FLEtheay assumption false
)
=
covalent character
IONIC LATTICE
+ SOLVENTAution SOLUTION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEExper AND LEmory
-
EXT
↳
and
cation c
↳ Marion ra
↳
cana
some cov
·
ENTROPY
temal stability
↳ read Q : live
entropy
: move
4) even is feasible reaction still not d e no
,
may occur
GASEOUS IONS + SOLUENT Kinetic factors
ENTHALPY = AHuya Ication) +
Alluyalarian) -
Alliant ↳ natural for systems to become more disordered over time unless work is done
tendency
↳ disorder than
is more probable order ENTROPY CALCULATIONS
HYDRATION exo
achieved
↳ more ways for a disordered state to be
DISSOCIATION Endo
-
2
1. 38x10 1) calculate Al
1
for the chemica
ENTROPY a measure of disorder J K-'mol-
·
low few ways to arrange its
components
S = uIm W 2)
Calculate the Assurroundings
I
·
high many equivalent ways
to
arange its components entropy
fancy
d ↳ no· of
component can
ways a
be arranged
log function
3) Calculate the &S system
ENTHALDYT
4) Calculate the AS
M
GASEOUS IONS
ENTROPY
GAS
S
ENTROPY INCREASES WHEN : 31
SH
- comment on the feasibility of the rea
↑
muD(AT)
IHLATT ↳ ionic solid dissolves
AH red Can evaporating ↳ solids melt
↳ liquids boil
gas molecules increases
up
↳ no
IONIC LATTICEL ↳ tuperance increases
AN SOLUTION
SOLID ! melting Sgas
>
Squid" S said
V V
