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Bailey v Commissioner of Taxation - Part 15 Particulars - Purpose is to confine issues, refine pleadings and avoid surprise. General Steel Industries Inc v Comm. for Railways - UCPR 13.4 - no cause of action "so obviously untenable that it could not possibly succeed" R v Kneebone - Duty of the Crown to call all witness available who may be able to assist the court SH v R - Competency - s 13 A witness incompetent to give sworn evidence may be competent to give unsworn evidence if 13(5) is satisfied. If so, the witness is so competent (no discretion) Browne v Dunn - It is necessary to put to a witness in cross examination the nature of the case to be relied on in contradiction of their evidence, particularly if it relies on inferences from other evidence. NAB v Rassu - A tendered document is not authenticated by admission. It must be shown that it is what it purports to be - different to relevance ACCC v Air NZ - 1. Documents don't have to be authentic to be admissible. 2. Authenticity is for the tribunal of fact to determine. 3. S 58 allows inferences to be drawn from the document itself re relevance and authenticity. Smith v R - 1. There is no discretion in determining relevance of evidence- either it is relevant or it is not.