Psychology - Final Exam Prep (Answered) Complete Solution

Psychology - Final Exam Prep (Answered) Complete Solution Phrenology The detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities Trained Introspection A form of self-observation in which individuals examine and report the contents of their own consciousness Functionalism The theory that all aspects of a society serve a function and are necessary for the survival of that society Emperical Evidence The observations, measurements, and other types of data that people gather and test to support and evaluate scientific explanations Pseudoscience A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence Biological (Evolutionary/Nature) Perspective The psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior Sociocultural (Nurture) Perspective The perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture Learning (Behaviorism) Perspective A psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a person's actions Cognitive Perspective A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior Humanistic Perspective The psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices Psychoanalytic Perspective (Psychodynamics) The psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind and early experiences behavior Psychotherapy The use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems Psychiatrist A medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness Applied Psychology The use of psychological methods and findings of scientific psychology to solve practical problems of human and animal behavior and experience Basic Psychology The study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application Case Study A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles Survey A method of gathering information from people about their everyday experiences, beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, and feelings Volunteer Bias The concept that people who volunteer to participate in research studies often differ from those who do not volunteer Test (Psychometrics) The systematic use of tests to quantify psychophysical behavior, abilities, and problems and to make predictions about psychological performance Laboratory Observations Observing the behavior of subjects that are in a controlled environment Naturalistic Observations Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation Positive Correlation A relationship between two variables that tend to move in the same direction Negative Correlation A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases, and vice versa Coefficient of Correlation A measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables Correlation vs. Causation Causation is an occurrence or action that can cause another while correlation is an action or occurrence that has a direct link to another; correlation does not equal causation Single-Blind Study A type of experiment or clinical trial in which the experimenters are aware of which subjects are receiving the treatment or independent variable, but the participants of the study are not Double-Blind Study A type of experiment or clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment Experimenter Effects When a researcher unintentionally effects the results Independent Variable The variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment Dependent Variable The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested Placebo Effect The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior Random Assignment Using procedures that rely on chance to assign participants to groups Inferential Statistics A field of statistics that uses analytical tools for drawing conclusions about a population by examining random samples Descriptive Statistics Statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and responses of groups of subjects Mean The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores Standard Deviation A measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean Longitudinal Study A type of correlational research study that involves looking at variables over an extended period of time Cross-Sectional Study A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another Meta-Analytical Study A type of statistical analysis in which the results of multiple studies are combined and then analyzed Anxiety Disorders Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Mood Disorders Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes Somatoform Disorders A class of psychological disorders involving physical ailments with no authentic organic basis that are due to psychological factors Psychotic Disorders Psychological disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagined perceptions Eating Disorders Severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight concerns and unhealthy efforts to control weight Dissociative Disorders Controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Sleeping Disorders Conditions that result in changes in the way that you sleep Developmental Disorders A group of mental disorders characterized by disruption of normal development during childhood Impulse Control Disorders Disorders in which a person acts on an irresistible, but potentially harmful, impulse Gender Identity Disorders