Genomics Midterm Exam Questions With Complete Solutions.

Genomics Midterm Exam Questions With Complete Solutions. DNA is a polymer composed of all of the following EXCEPT: a. nitrogenous base b. 5-carbon sugar c. codon d. phosphate group c codon = 3 nucleotide sequence Which of the nitrogen-containing bases are purines? a. adenine b. cytosine c. thymine d. guanine a, d cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines In a DNA sequence, adenine nitrogen base pairs with _________, while guanine pairs with _________. a. uracil, thymine b. thymine, cytosine c. cytosine, uracil d. cytosine, thymine b uracil binds to thymine in transcription from DNA to mRNA _______ is a sequence of chromosomal DNA required for the production of functional product. a. gene b. nucelotide c. chromosome d. allele a _______ is the different version of a gene at a particular location on the chromosome. a. locus b. genome c. mutation d. allele d Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that are can only be detected by physical attributes. true or false. false can be detectable or silent AKA polymorphisms What is SNP? a. the complete DNA sequence which contains the entirety of genetic information b. a polymorphism in a DNA sequence containing a variation of a single base c. a rod-shaped structure composed of chromatin d. an alternative version of a gene at a specific locus b single nucleotide polymorphism What is chromatin? a. complex of 23 pairs of chromosomes, where 22 are autosomes and 1 pair is sex chromosomes b. a polymer composed of 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group c. a complex composed of DNA and protein that make up chromosomes d. the genetic constitution of an indivdual c What is a single pair of chromosomes known as? a. sister chromatids b. centromeres c. maternal chromsomes d. homologous chromosomes d paternal chromosome + maternal chromosome = homologous pair Α human cell has ______ pairs of chromosomes = ______ total. a. 22, 44 b. 23, 48 c. 23, 46 d. 22, 48 c 22 pairs = autosomes (alike in somatic cells of both biological sexes) 1 pairs = sex chromosomes Biological females have ______ chromosomes whiles biological males have ______ chromosomes. a. XY, XX b. XX, XY b mothers only give X, fathers can give X or Y resulting in XX or XY Which of the following is the correct definition of cytogenetics? a. study of chromosomes, their structure and inheritance b. the complete DNA sequence which contains the entirety of genetic information c. the study of genetic constitution of an individual d. the study of epigenetic changes in inheritance a Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of every human chromosome? a. singular b. linear c. bipolar d. double helix c What term is used as the process and product that shows chromosomes of an individual arranged by pairs 1-23? a. genotype b. epigenetics c. coding sequence d. karyotype d Which type of chromosomal DNA is exclusively inherited from the mother? a. post-transcriptional DNA b. sister chromatids c. mRNA codons d. mitochondrial DNA d human cells have 100s-1000s of mitochondria, each contain one to many copies of the mitochondrial chromosome - codes for 37 genes Genome is the only a partial DNA sequence that contains a specific section of the genetic information. true or false. false genome is a complete DNA sequence containing the entirety of the genetic information -genome is inclusive to both nuclear & mitochondrial chromosomes 1. ______ = the genetic constitution of an individual 2. ______ = the observed characteristics of an individual as determined by genotype and the environment a. genotype, phenotype b. phenotype, genotype a What defines a population biologically? a. collection of alleles distinguished by the frequencies of the alleles b. the total of coding sequences and non-coding regions c. a group of interbreeding individuals d. splicing of alleles that are encoded in a specific group of individuals c a- is the definition of population genetically where all alleles in a pop. are referred to as a gene pool The enhancer is part of the DNA sequence that decreases gene transcription. true or false. false enhancer will increase gene transcription Which part of the DNA is a non-coding region that is removed in post transcription modifications? a. promoter b. intron c. silencer d. exon b _______ is the transcribed region of a gene that is present in mRNA. a. promoter b. intron c. silencer d. exon d _______ is the part of the DNA sequence found at the 5' end of the gene where transcription begins. a. promoter b. intron c. silencer d. exon a _______ is the part of the DNA sequence that decreases transcription of a gene. a. promoter b. intron c. silencer d. enhancer c In the elongation stage of transcription, the transcript is produced from the template strand of DNA that grows from 3' to 5' and uses thymine in place of uracil. true or false. false -grows in 5' to 3' and uracil replaces thymine Which stage of transcription utilizes RNA polymerase which copies the DNA starting at the promoter? a. initiation b. splicing c. elongation d. termination a What type of sequencer is used to signal that RNA transcript is complete? a. promoter b. silencer c. terminator d. enhancer c initiation--elongation--termination In RNA processing, which of the following occurs before translation? select all that apply. a. exons are removed from mRNA sequence b. mRNA is decoded into groups of 3 nucleotides c. removal of introns d. addition of a 5' cap and 3' poly A tail c & d Where does translation occur? a. at the signal sequence in the plasma membrane b. in nucleus of the cell c. at the ribosome in the cytoplasm d. within the tRNA codon c mRNA is decoded into codons that specify a single amino acid What is used to connect mRNA codons to the amino acids they encode? a. phosphate group b. transfer RNA c. STOP codon d. methyl group b Epigenetics are changes that modify gene expression, but do not change DNA sequence. true or false. true -methylation, chromatin modification, and transcription binding proteins are common mechanisms of epigenetic processes that have been identified -changes can endure up to 4 consecutive generations Epigenetic gene modifications like methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation can be triggered by environmental changes like diet, air pollution, exercise, & parenting. true or false. true Which inheritance pattern refers to epigenetic changes that occur due to a direct exposure to an environmental stressor? a. transgenerational b. intergenerational b "genetic memory" of a stressor being passed down in generations ________ inheritance pattern refers to epigenetic changes that occur when an exposure indirectly impacts eggs or sperm. a. transgenerational b. intergenerational a What is the result of mitotic cell division? a. one daughter cell with 46 chromosomes each b. formation of gametes with 23 chromosomes c. two identical daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each d. two identical daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each d -Mitosis occurs in somatic cells = diploid 2n = 46 chromosomes -Meiosis occurs in germline cells to form gametes = haploid = 23 chromosomes Which of the main phases of the cell cycle is the time between 2 successive mitoses? a. mitosis b. cytokinesis c. interphase d. telophase c Which of the main phases of the cell cycle is where chromosomes are copied and divided? a. mitosis b. cytokinesis c. interphase d. telophase a Which of the main phases of the cell cycle is where the cell divides? a. mitosis b. cytokinesis