AQA Psychology A -Level Paper 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2023(A+ GRADED VERIFIED) Wilhelm Wundt - ANSWER -- First Psychologist - First Lab in Germany - Experimental Conditions - Structuralism and Introspection Introspection - ANSWER -Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining their conscious thoughts and feelings Empiricism - ANSWER -Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by the use of the scientific method Scientific Method - ANSWER -The investigative methods that are: - Objective - Systematic - Reliable Evaluation of Wundt - ANSWER -- methods were unreliable as it relied on non -
observable - Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - ANSWER -- its objective and systematic - Rely on determinism - Self corrective - Create non -naturalistic environments - Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science Classical Conditioning - ANSWER -Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response Classical Conditioning steps - ANSWER -UCS -> UCR NS -> No Response UCS+NS -> UCR CS -> CR Features of CC - ANSWER -- If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not work - CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while - If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery) - Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS Operant Conditioning - ANSWER -Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER -Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER -Doing something to stop unpleasant response Reinforcement - ANSWER -Strengthening a response Punishment - ANSWER -An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour Features of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER -- Scheduling reinforcement makes it stronger - Punishment Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER -- Applications in treatment of phobias - Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs to learn Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - ANSWER -- Use of experimental method - Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans Modelling - ANSWER -Individuals learn behaviour be observing others Imitation - ANSWER -Copying a models behaviour Identification - ANSWER -Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model because they want to be like them Vicarious Reinforcement - ANSWER -Individuals learn about the likely consequences by observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to obtain the same experience The Role of the meditational Processes - ANSWER -Observer forms a mental representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable consequences it will also happen to them Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - ANSWER -- Applications in human behaviour - research support (Bandura) - Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have this a try to find people similar - Approach disregards other potential influences like gender Bandura Procedures - ANSWER -Children were exposed to aggressive or non aggressive models interacting with a bobo doll Bandura Findings - ANSWER -Children who had aggressive models were aggressive to the doll Children who had non -aggressive models were not aggressive to the doll Cognitive - ANSWER -Refers to mental processes such as perception, memory and reasoning Schema - ANSWER -A cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret information Why are Schemas useful? - ANSWER -They help us make sense of new information by filling in gaps Theoretical Models - ANSWER -Pictorial representations of cognitive processes based on research evidence Computer Model - ANSWER -Computer analogy of input process storage output to represent the human cognitive Cognitive Neuroscience - ANSWER -non-invasive imaging techniques such as PET and fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the brain works PET - ANSWER -Positron emission tomography fMRI - ANSWER -Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach - ANSWER -- Applications in social cognition, dysfunctional behaviour - Scientific - Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same time suggest that we never forget or never make mistakes - ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how not why) - Lack ecological validity Biological Approach - ANSWER -Views humans as biological organisms and provides biological explanations for all psychological functioning Genes - ANSWER -A part of the chromosome that carries genetic information Genotype - ANSWER -The genetic make -up of an individual Phenotype - ANSWER -The observable characteristics of an individual Evolution - ANSWER -Change is genetic make -up of a population over time NeuroChemistry - ANSWER -How chemical and neural processes associate with the nervous system Nervous System - ANSWER -Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System (somatic and autonomous systems) carries impulses around the body The Brain - ANSWER -Co-ordinates the functioning of the body Frontal Lobes - ANSWER -Functions like speech, though and learning Parietal Lobes - ANSWER -Processes sensory information like touch, temperature and pain
observable - Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - ANSWER -- its objective and systematic - Rely on determinism - Self corrective - Create non -naturalistic environments - Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science Classical Conditioning - ANSWER -Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response Classical Conditioning steps - ANSWER -UCS -> UCR NS -> No Response UCS+NS -> UCR CS -> CR Features of CC - ANSWER -- If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not work - CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while - If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery) - Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS Operant Conditioning - ANSWER -Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER -Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER -Doing something to stop unpleasant response Reinforcement - ANSWER -Strengthening a response Punishment - ANSWER -An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour Features of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER -- Scheduling reinforcement makes it stronger - Punishment Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER -- Applications in treatment of phobias - Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs to learn Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - ANSWER -- Use of experimental method - Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans Modelling - ANSWER -Individuals learn behaviour be observing others Imitation - ANSWER -Copying a models behaviour Identification - ANSWER -Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model because they want to be like them Vicarious Reinforcement - ANSWER -Individuals learn about the likely consequences by observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to obtain the same experience The Role of the meditational Processes - ANSWER -Observer forms a mental representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable consequences it will also happen to them Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - ANSWER -- Applications in human behaviour - research support (Bandura) - Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have this a try to find people similar - Approach disregards other potential influences like gender Bandura Procedures - ANSWER -Children were exposed to aggressive or non aggressive models interacting with a bobo doll Bandura Findings - ANSWER -Children who had aggressive models were aggressive to the doll Children who had non -aggressive models were not aggressive to the doll Cognitive - ANSWER -Refers to mental processes such as perception, memory and reasoning Schema - ANSWER -A cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret information Why are Schemas useful? - ANSWER -They help us make sense of new information by filling in gaps Theoretical Models - ANSWER -Pictorial representations of cognitive processes based on research evidence Computer Model - ANSWER -Computer analogy of input process storage output to represent the human cognitive Cognitive Neuroscience - ANSWER -non-invasive imaging techniques such as PET and fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the brain works PET - ANSWER -Positron emission tomography fMRI - ANSWER -Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach - ANSWER -- Applications in social cognition, dysfunctional behaviour - Scientific - Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same time suggest that we never forget or never make mistakes - ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how not why) - Lack ecological validity Biological Approach - ANSWER -Views humans as biological organisms and provides biological explanations for all psychological functioning Genes - ANSWER -A part of the chromosome that carries genetic information Genotype - ANSWER -The genetic make -up of an individual Phenotype - ANSWER -The observable characteristics of an individual Evolution - ANSWER -Change is genetic make -up of a population over time NeuroChemistry - ANSWER -How chemical and neural processes associate with the nervous system Nervous System - ANSWER -Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System (somatic and autonomous systems) carries impulses around the body The Brain - ANSWER -Co-ordinates the functioning of the body Frontal Lobes - ANSWER -Functions like speech, though and learning Parietal Lobes - ANSWER -Processes sensory information like touch, temperature and pain
