BBS2002
From the cradle to the grave
Barbora Vališ
MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY BA Biomedical Sciences
© b.valis 1
,2 © b.valis
, Table of Contents
CASE 1: THE DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM .................................................................................................4
CASE 2: LUNGS .....................................................................................................................................................19
CASE 3: BONES .....................................................................................................................................................39
CASE 4: MUSCLES ................................................................................................................................................54
CASE 5: HORMONES AND PUBERTY..................................................................................................................70
CASE 7: AGEING AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION ................................................................................85
CASE 8: MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION PART 2 ....................................................................................... 103
CASE 9: PHYSICAL DISABILITY ........................................................................................................................ 113
CASE 10: ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE .................................................................................................................... 128
CASE 11: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE - COPD .......................................................... 139
CASE 12: CANCER.............................................................................................................................................. 154
PRACTICALS ....................................................................................................................................................... 166
©b.valis 3
, Case 1: the developing nervous system
< contents > next case
Learning goals:
1. How does brain development start? What is neurulation?
a. Repetition from last year
b. (prenatal) brain and spinal development
c. Figure 1
2. What are the different types of brain/neural cells and how do they develop?
a. Migration, proliferation, differentiation
b. What is the role of NOTCH signalling in neural stem cell differentiation?
3. How are synapses formed?
a. Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
b. > similarities and differences
4. How do synapses communicate?
a. Neurotransmitters
b. Synaptic plasticity
c. Long-term potentiation/depression
5. What is neurotrophic signalling?
a. Figure 3
6. When (and how) do functional brain areas develop?
a. Figure 4
7. How is the nervous system maintained and how does it deal with damage?
a. Neurogenesis
b. Central nervous system
c. Peripheral nervous system
Sources
Larsen’s human embryology: Ch. 3
Principles of neural science – Kandel (6th ed): ch. ** - neural tube; 46-48 – neural cells, synapses; 50 –
regeneration
Bear – ch. 23
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurulation - neurulation diagram
https://www.drawittoknowit.com/course/embryology/musculoskeletal-nervous-system/vesicles/1185/brain-
vesicle-formation - primary vesicles of the brain
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.703951/full - ependymal cells
https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/nervous-tissue/ - super pretty diagrams of
neural cells
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/option-a-neurobiology-and/a1-neural-development/types-of-neuroglia.html -
types of neuroglia
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982216308685 - myelination
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6562853/ - astrocytes
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse - synapse
https://www.compoundchem.com/2015/07/30/neurotransmitters/ - neurotransmitters
https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1008-1124 - neurogenesis
4 © b.valis
From the cradle to the grave
Barbora Vališ
MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY BA Biomedical Sciences
© b.valis 1
,2 © b.valis
, Table of Contents
CASE 1: THE DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM .................................................................................................4
CASE 2: LUNGS .....................................................................................................................................................19
CASE 3: BONES .....................................................................................................................................................39
CASE 4: MUSCLES ................................................................................................................................................54
CASE 5: HORMONES AND PUBERTY..................................................................................................................70
CASE 7: AGEING AND MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION ................................................................................85
CASE 8: MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION PART 2 ....................................................................................... 103
CASE 9: PHYSICAL DISABILITY ........................................................................................................................ 113
CASE 10: ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE .................................................................................................................... 128
CASE 11: CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE - COPD .......................................................... 139
CASE 12: CANCER.............................................................................................................................................. 154
PRACTICALS ....................................................................................................................................................... 166
©b.valis 3
, Case 1: the developing nervous system
< contents > next case
Learning goals:
1. How does brain development start? What is neurulation?
a. Repetition from last year
b. (prenatal) brain and spinal development
c. Figure 1
2. What are the different types of brain/neural cells and how do they develop?
a. Migration, proliferation, differentiation
b. What is the role of NOTCH signalling in neural stem cell differentiation?
3. How are synapses formed?
a. Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
b. > similarities and differences
4. How do synapses communicate?
a. Neurotransmitters
b. Synaptic plasticity
c. Long-term potentiation/depression
5. What is neurotrophic signalling?
a. Figure 3
6. When (and how) do functional brain areas develop?
a. Figure 4
7. How is the nervous system maintained and how does it deal with damage?
a. Neurogenesis
b. Central nervous system
c. Peripheral nervous system
Sources
Larsen’s human embryology: Ch. 3
Principles of neural science – Kandel (6th ed): ch. ** - neural tube; 46-48 – neural cells, synapses; 50 –
regeneration
Bear – ch. 23
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurulation - neurulation diagram
https://www.drawittoknowit.com/course/embryology/musculoskeletal-nervous-system/vesicles/1185/brain-
vesicle-formation - primary vesicles of the brain
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.703951/full - ependymal cells
https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/nervous-tissue/ - super pretty diagrams of
neural cells
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/option-a-neurobiology-and/a1-neural-development/types-of-neuroglia.html -
types of neuroglia
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982216308685 - myelination
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6562853/ - astrocytes
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse - synapse
https://www.compoundchem.com/2015/07/30/neurotransmitters/ - neurotransmitters
https://www.nature.com/articles/nn1008-1124 - neurogenesis
4 © b.valis
