OCS FINAL EXAM

OCS FINAL EXAM if you kill most of the otters in a kelp forest, the entire ecosystem will be affected this called? - CORRECT ANSWER-trophic cascade which trophic level is most abundant in the ocean? - CORRECT ANSWER-primary producers the amount of energy transferred to the next highest trophic level is - CORRECT ANSWER-1. 10% 2. trophic transfer efficiency 3. is reduced through ingestion and metabolism is the term for a nutrient that is present in a low enough concentration to limit the growth of organisms - CORRECT ANSWER-limiting nutrient phytoplankton blooms collapse because_____________ run out, ____________, eat the phytoplankton and ______________ infect the phytoplankton - CORRECT ANSWER-nutrients, zooplankton, viruses the______zone is the portion of the photic zone where photosynthesis exceeds respiration - CORRECT ANSWER-euphotic is the group of phytoplankton that are present in the highest abundance on earth, accounting for ~1/3 of the oxygen we breathe - CORRECT ANSWER-cyanobacteria sponges consume food by__________feeding - CORRECT ANSWER-filter drift in the water column, or swims weakly, traveling with the currents - CORRECT ANSWER-plankton Evolution based on a series of heritable traits is called - CORRECT ANSWER-natural selection based on prevailing scientific theory, life originated in the ocean at - CORRECT ANSWER-hydrothermal vents name two organisms that use nematocysts (stinging cells) to capture food - CORRECT ANSWER-1. jellyfish 2. coral 3. anemone hydrothermal vents are dependent on________ to fuel productivity of organisms living around them - CORRECT ANSWER-chemosynthesis is the zone between high tide - CORRECT ANSWER-the littoral/intertidal zone name two habitats that exhibit vertical zonation - CORRECT ANSWER-1. rocky intertidal 2. sandy intertidal 3. salt marsh is the process that describes what happens when a disturbance removes organisms living in an area and eventually that community recovers and becomes a climax community - CORRECT ANSWER-ecological succession in addition to competition these TWO physical factors limit where an organism can live in the rocky intertidal - CORRECT ANSWER-1. temperature 2. exposure to air/ desiccation if a resource is renewable, that means it has no negative impact on the environment - CORRECT ANSWER-false a__________ resource is replenished within a human lifetime - CORRECT ANSWERrenewable is the term for a species that is caught unintentionally while fishing - CORRECT ANSWER-bycatch name two non-extractive resources - CORRECT ANSWER-1. recreation 2. waste disposal a poorly managed fishery (i.e. pretty much every fishery ever) results in decreased population _________ average fish size, and _________ egg production - CORRECT ANSWER-decreased, decreased does the agreement signed by UN members at COP26 put our Earth on track to limit global temperature increase to 1.5C? - CORRECT ANSWER-No Two species can occupy the same ecological niche at the same time - CORRECT ANSWER-false An organism who needs to consume food from the other organisms because it cannot synthesize its own carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWER-Heterotroph Marine biology - CORRECT ANSWER-the study of organisms that happen to be marine (between marine organisms) Biological oceanography - CORRECT ANSWER-the study of relationships (between marine organisms and the environment) What were the conditions when life began? - CORRECT ANSWER--no ocean; little atmosphere -rained for ~20 million years -then earth cooled enough for water to collect into basins Prevailing theory of where life started - CORRECT ANSWER-Life started at hydrothermal vents what 3 things are needed for natural selection? - CORRECT ANSWER--heritable traits -mutation -selection heritable traits - CORRECT ANSWER--can be inherited from reproduction of organisms -based on your DNA mutation - CORRECT ANSWER--Changes in DNA of organisms -Each organism is not just a perfect photocopy of their "parents" selection - CORRECT ANSWER-adaption: accumulating beneficial heritable traits - Makes organisms better suited to their environment Niches - CORRECT ANSWER-Every time there is a mass extinction... new organisms fill the niches that are now vacant Convergent evolution - CORRECT ANSWER-organisms evolve to have the same traits, but they are not closely related Trophic levels - CORRECT ANSWER-position an organism occupies in a food web Trophic transfer efficiency - CORRECT ANSWER-how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next Relative size and abundance of organisms in different trophic levels (bottom to top) - CORRECT ANSWER--10,000 kg of phytoplankton -1000 kg of zooplankton -100 kg of small fish -10 kg of mid size fish 1- kg of tuna Heterotrophs - CORRECT ANSWER-must consume food from other organisms, because they can't synthesize their own food source Autotrophs - CORRECT ANSWER-organisms that make their food from inorganic substance Primary production - CORRECT ANSWER-Open ocean primary production is very high because it covers the most space Photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWER--Used by primary producers -Exceeds respiration in the euphotic zone Photosynthesis: in too much - CORRECT ANSWER--it is inhibited -Decreases -less than respiration Photosynthesis: Perfect amount of light - CORRECT ANSWER--At its maximum -Greater than respiration Photosynthesis: Not enough light - CORRECT ANSWER-Little/none Less than respiration Euphotic zone - CORRECT ANSWER-plants have enough light to make a living using photosynthesis Disphotic zone - CORRECT ANSWER-not enough light to make a living using photosynthesis Photic zone - CORRECT ANSWER-contains the euphotic and disphotic zone Compensation depth - CORRECT ANSWER-Depth at with photosynthesis = respiration Redfield ratio - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbon(C):Nitrogen(N):Phosphorus(P) 106:16:1 Limiting nutrients - CORRECT ANSWER-the nutrient that has a low enough concentration that is limits the growth of organisms Redfield ratio definition - CORRECT ANSWER-meant that for every 1 moles of carbon in an organism you also need 16 mol nitrogens and 1 mol phosphorus Paradox of the plankton - CORRECT ANSWER--One will always outcompete the other if they are doing the same thing in the same place at the same time -They don't occupy the same niche -They may be doing different things in slight different places at different times Main types of phytoplankton - CORRECT ANSWER--Cyanobacteria -Diatoms -Dinoflagellates -Coccolithophores cyanobacteria - CORRECT ANSWER--Single-celled autotrophs -N2 as nitrogen source -Most adundant -Dominate = open gyres -Areas of limited nutrients diatoms - CORRECT ANSWER--Single-celled autotrophs -Lots of nutrients -Dominate = coastal areas Dinoflagellates - CORRECT ANSWER--Single-celled autotrophs -Flagella for locomotion -Silica shell (made of glass) -Dominate = coastal areas -High nutrients -Red tides Coccolithophores - CORRECT ANSWER-Single-celled autoptrophs Dominate = low nutrient regions Phytoplankton blooms in winter - CORRECT ANSWER--Plenty of nutrients -Deep mixed layer bloom by sunlight Phytoplankton blooms in spring - CORRECT ANSWER--Plenty of nutrients -Plenty of sunlight -Bloom Phytoplankton blooms in summer - CORRECT ANSWER--Higher temperature → stratification -Nutrients run out -Viruses infect phytoplankton and cause death -bloom collapses biological factors that limit where something can live - CORRECT ANSWER--Prey availability -Predators -Competition physical factors that limit where something can live - CORRECT ANSWER--Light -Nutrients -Temperature -Salinity -Oxygen -Carbon dioxide