WGU C100 Humanities FINAL Study Guide 100% Solved

Classical Period Acronym (BRTH PRD) - ANSWER BRTH- Balance, Reason, Truth, Humanism PRD- Polytheism, Republic, Democracy Renaissance Period Acronym (RUSH RoCS - Michealangelos Rock sculpture) - ANSWER RUSH- Reformation, University System, Scientific Expansion, Humanism RoCS- Rebirth of Classicism & Self fashioning Neoclassical & Enlightenment Period Acronym (CORDES- classical cords) - ANSWER CORDES- Classicism, Order, Rationalism, Deism, Empiricism, Skepticism Romantic Period Acronym (INNER HP- Inner romantic hero & passion) - ANSWER INNER- Individiualism, Nationalism, Nature, Exoticism, Revolution HP- Heroism, Passion Realism Period Acronym (I ID AoD - I Identify Age of Doubt) - ANSWER I- Industrialization ID- Individualism, Darwinism AoD- Age of Doubt Classical Period - ANSWER artists and philosophers were concerned with harmony and balance* in their works Classical Philosophers - ANSWER Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle engaged in pursuit of truth through logic and reason. Classical Period - ANSWER democracy and republic governments formed Classical religion - ANSWER mainly polytheistic Classical theme - ANSWER humanism—simply a focus on humans. Socratic Method - ANSWER where questions and ideas were shared to solve problems in an open discussion. Classical Period. Greek Epic Poetry - ANSWER Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey. Which use exalted language and celebrate the cultural values of the heroic age. Classical Period. Greek Lyrical Poetry - ANSWER poetry that explored everyday objects using more intimate language. Followed Epic Poetry. Classical Period Roman poetry - ANSWER poetry that follows much of the form and content of Greek poetry while exalting the Roman Empire. The Greek poet Sappho explored human emotions, such as love and desire, in her poem "A Lament for Adonis." Classical Period. Classical Period Theater - ANSWER theater structure that laid the foundations for theater as we know it today. It addressed period themes such as humanism, truth, balance, and the essence of life. It included such literary devices as foreshadowing, tragic irony, reversal of fortune, double entendre, discovery, and use of a chorus. Sophocles and Aristophanes - ANSWER 2 notable playwrights (theater writers) in Classical Period. Classical Period Art & Architecture - ANSWER Ancient Greek art and architecture served to promote religion, present beauty, and glorify Athenian society. Ancient Roman art and architecture focused on themes of power, military victory, and heroism. contrapposto - ANSWER a life-like stance in which the figure's weight rests on one leg. The resulting dip of a shoulder balances the rise of a hip to create a dynamic pose. Classic Period. Classic Period Architecture - ANSWER focused on balance and symmetry. Greek temples featured columns, topped with a capital*, which supported the entablature*, a decorative area that featured painted or carved friezes*. The triangular shaped roof ends contained more sculptures called pediments*. Perhaps the most notable Ancient Greek structure is the Parthenon, which features Doric order columns. The Parthenon once housed a large statue of Athena covered in gold. Capital - ANSWER Top part of the column between the Column and the Entablature. Classic Period. Entablature - ANSWER Horizontal layers of the building that are supported by columns or walls. Classic Period. Friezes - ANSWER Broad horizontal band that is sculpted or that is painted. Usually on the wall or near the ceiling. Classic period. Pediment - ANSWER The triangular upper part of the front of a building in classical style. Classic period. Classical Period Music - ANSWER typically consisted of simple four note successions played as a perfect fourth, drawing similarities to the Middle Eastern tradition of music. The played a variety of instruments, including the lyre, a stringed instrument similar to a harp. Lyre - ANSWER a stringed instrument similar to a harp. Classic Period. The incubator of western civilization - ANSWER Greece and Rome's proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. It facilitated cultural exchange among the ancient civilizations in southern Europe, western Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Classic Period. Kouros. - ANSWER The Greeks borrowed the proportions of the three-dimensional sculptures of the ancient Egyptians in developing the life-like male, human figure. Classic Period. Classical Period - ANSWER The Greeks borrowed the alphabet of the Phoenicians and imitated Egyptian mythological creatures and artistic motifs in their artwork. Silk Road - ANSWER provided access to Asia and brought the valuable Chinese good of silk to the Romans. In return, the Romans sent their glass to the east. It also opened the door for Eastern religions—such as Buddhism, Manichaeism, and Daoism—to spread to Europe. Christianity also spread quickly along the same trade route. Classical Period. Classical Period influences - ANSWER They can be seen in the United States today in the political system because of democracy and republic, in architecture through Lincolns estate, and in the arts as in "O Brother Where Art Thou" & retelling of "The Odyssey". Renaissance Period - ANSWER French for "rebirth," was characterized by a revival of classical art, literature, philosophy, architecture, and an emphasis on humanism. Renaissance Period - ANSWER This cultural flourish overlapped the Age of Discovery and advancements in science, thus making science a legitimate source of knowledge. Renaissance Period - ANSWER Urbanization - ANSWER Cities accumulated wealth and channeled some of this newfound wealth into funding the arts. Artists applied scientific principles to solve problems of perspective and devised new techniques for representing light and shade. Renaissance Period. Renaissance Period - ANSWER Rebirth of Classicism: there was a rebirth of classical ideals, mainly humanism, rationalism, and balance, based on the belief that classical literary, scientific, and philosophical works provided additional resources for learning and living. Rationalism & Scientific Expansion - ANSWER Many people in the Renaissance embodied a strong interest in rationalism and scientific inquiry, leading to deeper understanding of the world and technological developments in such areas as medicine, transportation, and warfare. Expansion of the University System - ANSWER The Renaissance approach to education produced the ideal of the well-rounded individual who was not bound to any one discipline. As the university system spread across Europe, it represented a significant change in epistemology. epistemology - ANSWER The study of thinking. Renaissance Period. Individualism & Self-fashioning - ANSWER This became important during the Renaissance as artists sought public recognition and reputation. Artists and nobles represented their identity with choices in dress and behavior, a process known as self-fashioning. Reformation - ANSWER Took place in the form of Protestantism, sparked by Martin Luther's outspoken disagreement with many Church practices he believed were corrupt. Changing the Roman Catholic Church was a very significant movement in the Renaissance that separated it from the Middle Ages. Renaissance Period - ANSWER Witnessed the revival of classical art, literature, philosophy, architecture, and learning, spawned renewed study of the great works of ancient Greco-Roman civilizations, and produced among the finest artistic and intellectual achievements in the history of Western Humanities. Renaissance Man - ANSWER Individual with broad knowledge and versatile talents spanning many intellectual and artistic disciplines. Renaissance Period. Renaissance Period - ANSWER One of the most significant ideas to emerge from this period is the value of education, particularly in the Humanities. The catalyst for the classical revival was the belief that one could realize his or her full humanity only through classical education. This rebirth reasserted the superiority of ancient Greco-Roman creative and intellectual contributions Age of Exploration - ANSWER Europeans sailed around the globe and transferred foods, plants, goods and slaves. Renaissance Period. Heresy - ANSWER a challenge or rejection of the orthodox doctrines of the religion or church. Renaissance Period. The Protestant Reformation - ANSWER This challenged the doctrine of papal infallibility and rejected the Catholic Church as a necessary intermediary between the faithful and God. However, disagreements among Protestants caused multiple sects to form. Renaissance Period. Renaissance Humanism - ANSWER emphasized not only scholarly achievement but also moral and athletic development. encouraged the individual to engage with the world ("The whole glory of man lies in activity"). rejected much of medieval thinking as irrelevant to a changing world. general responsibilities of citizenship and respect for public duty. Niccolò Machiavelli - ANSWER The Prince: defended the principle that "the ends justify the means" . It is one of the best-known political treatises. His treatise advanced the abandonment of conventional morality for the sake of power and authority. The Prince is considered to represent the darker side of the Renaissance's belief in human possibility and potential. Renaissance Literature - ANSWER authors found themselves combining Christian and classical learning into Christian humanism in order to reconcile the many conflicts between the two. Baldassare Castiglione - ANSWER The Courtier explores the process of fashioning one's individual sense of self according to a set of socially acceptable standards. Renaissance Literature. William Shakespeare - author - ANSWER most famous writer in English by writing plays and poems that examine such human emotions as loyalty, ambition, love, hate, greed, and self-sacrifice. Renaissance Literature. Renaissance Theater - ANSWER People of the arts allowed troupes to settle into a city, build a playhouse, and take up theater as a profession. As a result, works became longer, more complex, and critically discussed period themes. soliloquy - ANSWER speech expressing your inner most thoughts. Heard by the audience but not by any other characters. Renaissance allegory - ANSWER represents abstract quality or idea, often religious or political. Renaissance dialect - ANSWER language of a certain group or people. Rensaissance blank verse - ANSWER verse written in iambic pentameter with no rhyme. Renaissance prose - ANSWER language that flows naturally rather than to a beat. Renaissance. William Shakespeare - theater - ANSWER credited with writing 38 plays and 154 sonnets. The inevitability of fate and the power of miscommunication are particularly common themes in his plays. Because women were forbidden to act during his time, the female roles in his plays were performed by young men. The first 126 sonnets are addressed to an unnamed young man, while the rest of the sonnets are addressed to a mysterious "dark lady." Renaissance Theater Christopher Marlowe - ANSWER Doctor Faustus : the play whose treatment of religion directly references the Protestant Reformation and the eternal struggle between good and evil. He wrote the historical tragedy . Renaissance Theater. Renaissance Art & Architecture - ANSWER architecture departed from medieval traditions and reflected the merging of art and science. Renaissance Art - ANSWER widespread use of oil painting as a medium and the development of mathematical or linear perspective in painting. Renaissance Artchitecture - ANSWER architecture featured the revival of the dome and the fashioning of secular structures, including palaces, residences, theaters, and libraries. Renaissance Artists - ANSWER Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper), Michelangelo (statue of David, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel), and Dürer (realistic paintings). Leonardo da Vinci - ANSWER Mona Lisa, Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper. Renaissance Art. Michelangelo - ANSWER Statue of David, The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Renaissance Art. Durer - ANSWER realistic Paintings. Renaissance Art. Renaissance Music - ANSWER music was more secular than the music of the Middle Ages, and it was characterized by the classical principles of simplicity, balance, order, and clarity, as well as by the use of imitation. Madrigal - ANSWER a polyphonic vocal work that set a pastoral poem to music. It used a technique called "word painting," in which notes would ascend or descend depending on the literal textual meaning. No instruments were used. Renaissance Music. Renaissance Cultural Exchange - ANSWER The expansion of trade routes on land and sea allowed spices, precious gems, and fine silk to arrive from Asia. Renaissance Cultural Exchange - ANSWER The beauty, color, and luster of Islamic glass and pottery inspired Italian glassmakers. Renaissance Cultural Exchange - ANSWER African culture made an impact throughout Europe, as African artists carved hunting scenes and motifs on ivory for European royalty. African servants and slaves became a larger presence in areas of Europe. Renaissance Cultural Exchange - ANSWER The Spanish "Golden Age" resulted from Spain's acquisition of gold and silver from the Americas. Renaissance Cultural Exchange - ANSWER The discovery of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized mass communication throughout Europe. Renaissance in Contemporary Life - ANSWER Today we refer to a person who has broad knowledge and versatile talents spanning many intellectual and artistic disciplines as a Renaissance man or woman. This Period's focus on science and the human form has led to markedly more successful medical practices and other scientific advancements. Our modern-day focus on education, particularly in the Humanities, can be traced back to the ideals. Neoclassical Period - ANSWER Age of Enlightenment Age of Englightenment - ANSWER period in which a notable shift towards rational thinking and advancement occurred in science, philosophy, society and politics. Neoclassical Period & Enlightenment - ANSWER Skepticism, Rationalism, Empiricism, Order, Deism, Classicism, Skepticism - ANSWER this type of philosophical school was prominent during the Enlightenment to ensure that philosophers reached conclusions based on reason, not prejudice. rationalism - ANSWER Role of reason over senses to gain knowledge. This philosophy also put an emphasis on the role of reason as the key to knowledge. Empiricism - ANSWER First developed in the Renaissance by scientists such as Francis Bacon, it may be defined as basing ideas and theories on the direct experience of the senses, including experimentation, as opposed to knowledge gained from books. Order - ANSWER Enlightenment thinkers and leaders sought to design political and social order that reflected natural laws and God's will. Deism - ANSWER a belief system that credits God as the original architect of the universe's natural laws but who does not currently oversee the events of the world. Classicisim - ANSWER In the arts, a resurgence of classical ideals like harmony, realism, and reason inspired the Neoclassical movement. Enlightenment Period - ANSWER heralded a new willingness to question authority in all areas of life. Scientific discoveries increased rapidly, and the questioning of the monarchy led to political reform and revolution. In religion, skeptics increasingly challenged the authority of organized religion and attempted to find a basis for morality outside religion altogether. Enlightenment Period - ANSWER rise of deism, the belief that a God had created and designed the world but did not directly intervene in its affairs. This deist belief was also called the "watchmaker God," a reference to a watchmaker's role in creating a watch but relative neglect once completed and events set into action. Enlightenment Period - ANSWER Disciplines such as natural history, modern science, and natural law were all born out of this period. Such ideas as the separation of church and state, religious tolerance, and free speech also started. Enlightenment Period - ANSWER In this period, Thomas Jefferson drafted The Declaration of Independence. He served as the third President of the United States and founded the University of Virginia. Enlightenment Philosophy - ANSWER Rationalists believed that human reason is the key to knowledge. Empiricists believed that all knowledge is derived through our senses and based on ideas and theories on testing, observation, and experience. Skepticism departed from both rationalism and empiricism in that it criticized our ability to perceive and understand the world around us, acknowledging the limitations of human reasoning. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - ANSWER This Enlightenment Philosopher believed that the native peoples encountered through trade and colonization were, in some ways, morally superior, arguing that a person is at his or her best in wholly natural environments and is corrupted by the environments of society. Denis Diderot - ANSWER This Enlightenment Philosopher helped create the greatest encyclopedia in the 18th century. He wrote philosophical dialogues that explored the theory and consequence of materialism: the idea that the universe is entirely composed of matter and without a God. Encyclopédie - ANSWER represented a fundamental principle of the Enlightenment: to accumulate, codify, and preserve human knowledge by providing rational information on important topics to the general public. John Locke - ANSWER This Enlightenment Philosopher was one of the most influential philosophers and political theorists in British history. Many current ideas about selfhood, identity, and the way the mind works come from Locke. Locke also wrote highly influential books on government, providing a basis for the American political experiment Mary Wollstonecraft - ANSWER This Enlightenment Philosopher was an English writer, philosopher, and feminist who argued for the advancement of women, affirming that women were capable of rationality and that they should be educated. Enlightenment Literature - ANSWER Created the Novel, focused on rational prose and social reform. Made biographies, essays, and travel narratives popular. The Printing Press made literature available to all social statuses. Jonathan Swift - ANSWER Renaissance author whose narrative Gulliver's Travels uses satire to critique human nature and overreliance on reason and to support Classical knowledge over modern. Voltaire - ANSWER Renaissance author whose novel Candide uses satire to criticize outmoded social and religious institutions Neoclassical Theater - ANSWER Playwrights on classical myths, Featured: "the comedy of manners.", Female actors were used. Molière - ANSWER In his comedy "Tartuffe", this neoclassical playwright uses satire to critique false religious piety and to highlight the contrasts between irrationality and reason. Neoclassical Art & Architecture - ANSWER Neoclassicism was an 18th century art and architecture movement that looked to Greek and Roman art for models of harmony, idealized realism, and reason. It shunned the ostentatious elements of the Baroque and Rococo styles and promoted the themes of order, progress, and civic virtue. Jacques-Louis David - ANSWER neoclassical artist who painted scenes that emphasized civic virtue and civic morality; Angelica Kauffmann - ANSWER Neoclassical artists who was one of the most popular portraitists of her time; John Singleton Copley - ANSWER Neoclassical artist who created portraits and history paintings; Neoclassical architecture - ANSWER Examples of this periods architecture include the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, the Panthéon in Paris, and Monticello, Thomas Jefferson's home in Virginia. Neoclassical Music - ANSWER The classical music genre refers to European music that was composed from approximately 1730 to 1820. The music of this period embraced the Enlightenment focus on balance, order, and structural clarity. Composers heightened the contrast between musical lines and enjoyed a greater depth and variety in orchestral texture. Mozart - ANSWER The most celebrated composer of this neoclassical era. He composed sonatas, symphonies, masses, concertos, and operas. Some of his most well-known works are Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No. 40 in G minor, and the opera Le Nozze De Figaro ("The Marriage of Figaro"). Joseph Haydn - ANSWER This neoclassical composser was another prominent classical composer with such works as Symphony No. 101 ("The Clock Symphony"). Enlightenment Cultural Exchange - ANSWER Many Enlightenment thinkers rejected the tradition of slavery, looking to reason and individualized thought. Slave narratives were published during this time, enriching the philosophies with a new viewpoint and experience. The music of the time period was also diversified by the popularization of spirituals, or slave songs, which often featured religious themes and even hidden messages meant only for fellow slaves. Enlightenment in Contemporary Life - ANSWER Political satire, which was popularized by Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, has continued to this day in the form of political cartoons and television shows that poke fun at various aspects of government. Romantic Period - ANSWER Nationalism, Exoticism, Revolution, Heroism / Byronic hero, Passion, Idividualism, Nature (sublime) Nationalism - ANSWER Due to key events like European colonialism, the French Revolution, and the establishment of the United States, many Western countries sought to distinguish their identities, leading Romantic artists to express their national identities with pride through their works. Romantic Period. Exoticism - ANSWER As cross-continental transportation became easier and colonialism became more widespread, Europeans became more exposed to nonwestern cultures that fascinated them. Artistic expression of that fascination, though often Europeans misrepresented the foreign and suppressed cultures they enjoyed. Romantic Period. Revolution - ANSWER political reform that would grant rights to oppressed groups and equality for all. Romantic Period. Heroism - ANSWER The Byronic hero, or Romantic hero, was the embodiment of the revolutionary thought and introspective concerns that Romantics faced in this era. Such heroes were gifted loners who challenged traditions and brooded on personal passions. Romantic Period. Passion - ANSWER Romantic artists explored the full spectrum of uninhibited human emotion and generally favored the strong sentiments of affection, sorrow, and romantic longing over the rational and logical. Romantic Period. Individualism - ANSWER Romantics celebrated and promoted the righteousness of human individuality and developed a newfound respect for the figure of the imaginative genius. Romantic Period. Nature - ANSWER Many Romantics found wisdom and solace in the natural world and sought to represent the strange emotions that occur when encountering the sublime. Romantic Period. Three major events in romantic period - ANSWER Industrial Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution: The Industrial Revolution - ANSWER A time of tremendous industrial growth in Europe signaling a dramatic shift from an agriculture-based economy to one centered around industrialization, mechanized labor, and urbanization. Romantic Period. The American Revolution - ANSWER Encompassed the American Revolutionary War, resulted in the Declaration of Independence and established the United States as its own country. romantic Period. The French Revolution - ANSWER A revolutionary movement that gained momentum with the storming of the Bastille in Paris in the summer of 1789. It was a heated, bloody call for political change and an end to high taxes, food shortages, and the rising cost of bread. Romantic Period.