WGU C785 Final Exam With All The Correct Answers

WGU C785 Final Exam With All The Correct Answers 1. What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like?: - amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group 2. How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hy- drophobic, polar, and charged?: Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge 3. what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make?: ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged 4. What are the 4 levels of protein structure?: Primary - linear structure, Sec- ondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit 5. What enviormental change breaks each type of bond?: hydrophobic - tem- perature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents 6. what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration?: hy- drophobic bonds 7. how do environmental changes affect protein folding?: Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding 8. how do mutations affect protein structure?: Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein. 9. What is an electron?: Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding 10. What is energy:: Power derived fro chemical interaction 11. what are covalent bonds?: chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons 12. what is an ionic bond?: bond between positive and negative 13. what is a hydrogen bond?: weak bond between positive and negative 14. with an amino?: piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3 15. what is a carboyxl?: piece of amino acid, COO or COOH 16. What is hydrophobic?: Doesn't like water, end with CH 17. what is hydrophilic?: Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH 18. what is disulfide bond?: strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's. 19. what are zwitterions?: amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero 20. what is a polypeptide: polymer of amino acids 21. What is dehydration synthesis?: Process of forming peptide bonds 22. what is hydrolysis?: adding water to destroy bonds 23. what is an alpha helix?: twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds 24. what is a beta sheet?: folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds 25. what is denaturation?: loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH 26. what is aggregation?: clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's 27. how do enzymes catalyze reactions?: bind with substrates to decrease activation energy required and decrease reaction rate 28. how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy?: decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate 29. what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle?: enzyme recognizes sub- strate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; en- zyme-product complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled 30. how do environmental changes affect enzymes?: High heat, pH change, high salt concentration, and reducing agents can cause an enzyme to lose its form/l