Chemistry - the study of matter and the change it undergoes
Matter - is anything that occupies space and has mass
What are the things that make up matter?
● Atoms - basic building block of all matter
● Molecules - a group of atoms bonded together
● Ions - an atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge
STATE DISTANCE MOTION
Solid Closely Packed Restricted Motion
Liquid Far Apart Free Movement
Gas Very Far Apart Very Free (Chaotic)
Pure Substance
- a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and distinct properties
- composed of only one component
- made of only one type of atom or molecule
1. Element
- is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.
- pure substances that are made up of only one kind of atom
2. Compound
- is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in
fixed proportions
- pure substances made up of two or more kinds of atoms
Mixture
- a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct
identities
- composed of several components
- contains two or more substances that are not chemically combined
1. Homogeneous Mixture - the composition of the mixture is same throughout
2. Heterogeneous Mixture - the composition is not uniform
Any mixture, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous, can be created and then separated by
physical means into pure components without changing the identities of the components
Properties of Matter:
1. Physical property - can be measured and observed without changing the composition or
identity of a substance.
2. Chemical property - to observe this property we must carry out a chemical change.
All measurable/physical properties of matter fall into one of two additional categories:
1. Extensive property depends on how much matter is being considered.
2. Intensive property does not depend on how much matter is being considered.
, PHYSICAL CHEMICAL EXTENSIVE INTENSIVE
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
No change in A change in Change their value Do not change their
composition takes composition occurs when the amount of value when the
place during the during the matter or substance is amount of matter is
determination or determination or changed. changed.
measurement of these measurement of these
properties. properties.
Separation Methods:
❖ Filtration - to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a filtering
membrane, like paper or cloth.
❖ Distillation - to separate a liquid in a homogeneous mixture.
❖ Magnetic Separation - to separate a magnetic solid from a heterogeneous mixture
❖ Decantation - to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture based on gravity.
❖ Sublimation - to separate a volatile solid from a non-volatile solid.
Properties of Subatomic Particles:
Particle Symbol Mass (kg) Relative Mass Relative Charge Location
proton p+ 1.673 x 10-27 1 +1 in the nucleus
electron e- 9.109 x 10-31 0.00055 -1 outside nucleus
neutron n0 1.675 x 10-27 1 0 in the nucleus
Composition of an Atom:
1. Atomic Number (Z) - is the number of protons in the nucleus
● Every atom of a given element has the same atomic number.
● Every atom of a given element has the same number of protons in the nucleus.
● Different elements have different atomic numbers.
● A neutral atom has no net overall charge, so: Z = no. of protons = no. of electrons
2. Mass Number (A)
- the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom of an
element
- the mass number of an atom is never smaller than the atomic number. It can be the
same, but it is usually bigger.
- Mass Number (A) = No. of Protons (z) + No. of Neutrons
3. Isotopes
- atoms of an element having the same atomic but different mass number - different
number of neutrons
Matter - is anything that occupies space and has mass
What are the things that make up matter?
● Atoms - basic building block of all matter
● Molecules - a group of atoms bonded together
● Ions - an atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge
STATE DISTANCE MOTION
Solid Closely Packed Restricted Motion
Liquid Far Apart Free Movement
Gas Very Far Apart Very Free (Chaotic)
Pure Substance
- a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and distinct properties
- composed of only one component
- made of only one type of atom or molecule
1. Element
- is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.
- pure substances that are made up of only one kind of atom
2. Compound
- is a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in
fixed proportions
- pure substances made up of two or more kinds of atoms
Mixture
- a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct
identities
- composed of several components
- contains two or more substances that are not chemically combined
1. Homogeneous Mixture - the composition of the mixture is same throughout
2. Heterogeneous Mixture - the composition is not uniform
Any mixture, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous, can be created and then separated by
physical means into pure components without changing the identities of the components
Properties of Matter:
1. Physical property - can be measured and observed without changing the composition or
identity of a substance.
2. Chemical property - to observe this property we must carry out a chemical change.
All measurable/physical properties of matter fall into one of two additional categories:
1. Extensive property depends on how much matter is being considered.
2. Intensive property does not depend on how much matter is being considered.
, PHYSICAL CHEMICAL EXTENSIVE INTENSIVE
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
No change in A change in Change their value Do not change their
composition takes composition occurs when the amount of value when the
place during the during the matter or substance is amount of matter is
determination or determination or changed. changed.
measurement of these measurement of these
properties. properties.
Separation Methods:
❖ Filtration - to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a filtering
membrane, like paper or cloth.
❖ Distillation - to separate a liquid in a homogeneous mixture.
❖ Magnetic Separation - to separate a magnetic solid from a heterogeneous mixture
❖ Decantation - to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture based on gravity.
❖ Sublimation - to separate a volatile solid from a non-volatile solid.
Properties of Subatomic Particles:
Particle Symbol Mass (kg) Relative Mass Relative Charge Location
proton p+ 1.673 x 10-27 1 +1 in the nucleus
electron e- 9.109 x 10-31 0.00055 -1 outside nucleus
neutron n0 1.675 x 10-27 1 0 in the nucleus
Composition of an Atom:
1. Atomic Number (Z) - is the number of protons in the nucleus
● Every atom of a given element has the same atomic number.
● Every atom of a given element has the same number of protons in the nucleus.
● Different elements have different atomic numbers.
● A neutral atom has no net overall charge, so: Z = no. of protons = no. of electrons
2. Mass Number (A)
- the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom of an
element
- the mass number of an atom is never smaller than the atomic number. It can be the
same, but it is usually bigger.
- Mass Number (A) = No. of Protons (z) + No. of Neutrons
3. Isotopes
- atoms of an element having the same atomic but different mass number - different
number of neutrons
