A New Introduction to Islam
Inhoud
Chapter 1 – Islam in Global Perspective ................................................................................................. 6
Mapping the Islamic World ................................................................................................................ 6
Arabs and Non-arabs........................................................................................................................... 6
Sunnis and Shi’ites.............................................................................................................................. 6
Islamic ritual ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2 – Arabia .................................................................................................................................. 8
Geography ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Pre-Islamic Poetry............................................................................................................................... 9
Arab Religion ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Women in Pre-Islamic Arabia........................................................................................................... 10
Mecca and the Qurash ....................................................................................................................... 10
Pre-Islamic Arabian Monotheists.................................................................................................. 11
The Gifts of the Arabs....................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 3 – The Pre-Islamic Near East ................................................................................................. 12
Christianity in the Near East ............................................................................................................. 12
Orthodox Chalcedonianism........................................................................................................... 13
Nestorianism ................................................................................................................................. 13
Monophysites ................................................................................................................................ 13
Saints and Relics ............................................................................................................................... 14
Judaism ............................................................................................................................................. 14
Manichaeism ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Mazdak.............................................................................................................................................. 15
The Place of the Arabs in the Near East ........................................................................................... 15
Chapter 4 – The Life of Muhammed .................................................................................................... 16
Prologue and setting.......................................................................................................................... 16
Birth and Childhood.......................................................................................................................... 16
Early Adulthood ................................................................................................................................ 16
The Beginning of Revelation ............................................................................................................ 17
Opposition ......................................................................................................................................... 18
The Night Journey and Ascent to Heaven ........................................................................................ 18
The Hijra ........................................................................................................................................... 19
The Battle of Badr............................................................................................................................. 20
Confrontation with the Jews of Medina ............................................................................................ 20
The Battle of Uhud............................................................................................................................ 20
1
, The Peace of al-Hudaybiya and the Farewell Pilgrimage ................................................................. 21
Chapter 5 – The Qur’an ........................................................................................................................ 22
The Qur’an in Modern Imagination .................................................................................................. 22
The History of the Text ..................................................................................................................... 22
The language of the Qur’an .............................................................................................................. 23
The Context of the Qur’an ................................................................................................................ 23
Jesus in the Qur’an ............................................................................................................................ 24
The Qur’an in Muslim Piety ............................................................................................................. 24
The Eternity of the Qur’an ................................................................................................................ 25
The Inimitability of the Qur’an ......................................................................................................... 25
Central Themes ................................................................................................................................. 25
Qur’an Narratives.............................................................................................................................. 26
Qur’anic Law and the Problem of Abrogation.................................................................................. 26
Women and Gender in the Qur’an .................................................................................................... 26
Qur’an, Sira, and Hadith ................................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 6 – The Tradition Literature .................................................................................................... 27
The Science of Hadith ....................................................................................................................... 27
The Origins of the Hadith ................................................................................................................. 28
In Quest of the Historical Muhammad .............................................................................................. 29
Schacht’s Common Link Theory .................................................................................................. 30
In Quest of the Historical Muhammad .............................................................................................. 30
The Sira and the Shaping of an Islamic Worldview ......................................................................... 30
Chapter 7 – The Conquests ................................................................................................................... 31
Chronology of the Arab Conquests ............................................................................................... 31
Psychological Impact ........................................................................................................................ 32
Archeological Data: The ‘’Invisible’’ Conquests ............................................................................. 32
Chapter 8 – Religion of Empire ............................................................................................................ 33
Early Arab Administration ................................................................................................................ 33
Early Muslim Dynasties ................................................................................................................ 33
Conversion to Islam .......................................................................................................................... 34
Leadership ......................................................................................................................................... 34
The First Civil War ........................................................................................................................... 35
The Martydrom of Husayn................................................................................................................ 35
The Deputy of God ........................................................................................................................... 36
Personal Piety.................................................................................................................................... 36
The Dome of the Rock ...................................................................................................................... 36
The Constitution of Medina .............................................................................................................. 37
2
,Chapter 9 – the Caliphate ...................................................................................................................... 38
Ibn al-Muqaffa’ ................................................................................................................................. 38
The Shi’ite Vision ............................................................................................................................. 39
The ‘Abbasids ................................................................................................................................... 40
Twelvers............................................................................................................................................ 40
Ismailis .............................................................................................................................................. 41
Kharijites ........................................................................................................................................... 41
The Sasain Revival ........................................................................................................................... 41
Al-Mawardi and the Sunni Compromise .......................................................................................... 42
Chapter 10 – Islamic Law ..................................................................................................................... 43
Revelation and Reason ...................................................................................................................... 43
Qiyas ................................................................................................................................................. 44
The Schools of Law .......................................................................................................................... 44
Sunni Schools of Islamic Law and their Founders........................................................................ 44
Islamic Law and the State ................................................................................................................. 45
Ijma ................................................................................................................................................... 46
The Usul al-Fiqh ............................................................................................................................... 46
Sources and Principles of Islamic Law ......................................................................................... 46
The Substance of the Law ................................................................................................................ 47
Ritual Purity ...................................................................................................................................... 48
Acts of Worship ................................................................................................................................ 48
Islamic Religious Duties (‘ibadat) in Islamic Legal Texts............................................................ 48
Marriage and Divorce ....................................................................................................................... 49
The Origins of Islamic Law .............................................................................................................. 50
Al-Shafii and Islamic Legal Theory.................................................................................................. 50
Chapter 11 – Islamic Theology and Philosophy ................................................................................... 51
Some Important Heresies .............................................................................................................. 52
Freedom and Determinism ................................................................................................................ 52
God’s Attributes ................................................................................................................................ 53
Anthropomorphism ........................................................................................................................... 53
Fait and Works .................................................................................................................................. 54
Leadership ......................................................................................................................................... 55
The Sunni Consensus ........................................................................................................................ 55
Ahmad ibn Hanbal ............................................................................................................................ 55
Al-Ash’ari ......................................................................................................................................... 56
Kalam ................................................................................................................................................ 56
Al-Maturidi and other Alternatives to Ash’arite Kalam ................................................................... 56
3
, Jewish and Christian Influences........................................................................................................ 57
The Challenge of Philosophy ............................................................................................................ 57
Prophecy and Revelation in Islamic Philosophy............................................................................... 58
Philosophy and Mysticism ................................................................................................................ 59
Chapter 12 – Sufism.............................................................................................................................. 59
Stages on the Path ............................................................................................................................. 59
Stations on the Sufi Path ............................................................................................................... 59
The Spiritual Master ......................................................................................................................... 60
Sufi Brotherhoods ............................................................................................................................. 60
Sufi Ritual ......................................................................................................................................... 60
The Destination ................................................................................................................................. 61
Sufi Cosmology ................................................................................................................................ 62
Sufism in History: the Case of al-Hallaj ........................................................................................... 62
Beginnings to the Tenth Century ...................................................................................................... 63
Early ascetics and mystics............................................................................................................. 63
Classical Manuals and the Growth of Tariqas .................................................................................. 64
Major Sufi Tariqas ........................................................................................................................ 64
Chapter 13 – Turks, Crusaders, and Mongols ....................................................................................... 64
The Saljuqs........................................................................................................................................ 64
Al-Ghazali and the Sunni Revival .................................................................................................... 65
Slave Soldiers.................................................................................................................................... 65
The Crusades..................................................................................................................................... 66
The Mongols ..................................................................................................................................... 67
The Impact of the Mongol Invasions ................................................................................................ 68
Chapter 14 – Revival and Reform......................................................................................................... 69
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires .................................................................................... 69
The Rise of European Power ............................................................................................................ 70
The Religious Environment .............................................................................................................. 70
The Ulama......................................................................................................................................... 70
Sufi Reformers .................................................................................................................................. 71
The Wahhabi Movement................................................................................................................... 72
Chapter 15 – Islam and The West ......................................................................................................... 72
Napoleon’s Invasion of Egypt........................................................................................................... 72
The Birth of Orientalism ................................................................................................................... 73
Jihad Movements .............................................................................................................................. 73
Al-Afghani ........................................................................................................................................ 74
Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Aligarh ..................................................................................................... 74
4
Inhoud
Chapter 1 – Islam in Global Perspective ................................................................................................. 6
Mapping the Islamic World ................................................................................................................ 6
Arabs and Non-arabs........................................................................................................................... 6
Sunnis and Shi’ites.............................................................................................................................. 6
Islamic ritual ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2 – Arabia .................................................................................................................................. 8
Geography ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Pre-Islamic Poetry............................................................................................................................... 9
Arab Religion ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Women in Pre-Islamic Arabia........................................................................................................... 10
Mecca and the Qurash ....................................................................................................................... 10
Pre-Islamic Arabian Monotheists.................................................................................................. 11
The Gifts of the Arabs....................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter 3 – The Pre-Islamic Near East ................................................................................................. 12
Christianity in the Near East ............................................................................................................. 12
Orthodox Chalcedonianism........................................................................................................... 13
Nestorianism ................................................................................................................................. 13
Monophysites ................................................................................................................................ 13
Saints and Relics ............................................................................................................................... 14
Judaism ............................................................................................................................................. 14
Manichaeism ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Mazdak.............................................................................................................................................. 15
The Place of the Arabs in the Near East ........................................................................................... 15
Chapter 4 – The Life of Muhammed .................................................................................................... 16
Prologue and setting.......................................................................................................................... 16
Birth and Childhood.......................................................................................................................... 16
Early Adulthood ................................................................................................................................ 16
The Beginning of Revelation ............................................................................................................ 17
Opposition ......................................................................................................................................... 18
The Night Journey and Ascent to Heaven ........................................................................................ 18
The Hijra ........................................................................................................................................... 19
The Battle of Badr............................................................................................................................. 20
Confrontation with the Jews of Medina ............................................................................................ 20
The Battle of Uhud............................................................................................................................ 20
1
, The Peace of al-Hudaybiya and the Farewell Pilgrimage ................................................................. 21
Chapter 5 – The Qur’an ........................................................................................................................ 22
The Qur’an in Modern Imagination .................................................................................................. 22
The History of the Text ..................................................................................................................... 22
The language of the Qur’an .............................................................................................................. 23
The Context of the Qur’an ................................................................................................................ 23
Jesus in the Qur’an ............................................................................................................................ 24
The Qur’an in Muslim Piety ............................................................................................................. 24
The Eternity of the Qur’an ................................................................................................................ 25
The Inimitability of the Qur’an ......................................................................................................... 25
Central Themes ................................................................................................................................. 25
Qur’an Narratives.............................................................................................................................. 26
Qur’anic Law and the Problem of Abrogation.................................................................................. 26
Women and Gender in the Qur’an .................................................................................................... 26
Qur’an, Sira, and Hadith ................................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 6 – The Tradition Literature .................................................................................................... 27
The Science of Hadith ....................................................................................................................... 27
The Origins of the Hadith ................................................................................................................. 28
In Quest of the Historical Muhammad .............................................................................................. 29
Schacht’s Common Link Theory .................................................................................................. 30
In Quest of the Historical Muhammad .............................................................................................. 30
The Sira and the Shaping of an Islamic Worldview ......................................................................... 30
Chapter 7 – The Conquests ................................................................................................................... 31
Chronology of the Arab Conquests ............................................................................................... 31
Psychological Impact ........................................................................................................................ 32
Archeological Data: The ‘’Invisible’’ Conquests ............................................................................. 32
Chapter 8 – Religion of Empire ............................................................................................................ 33
Early Arab Administration ................................................................................................................ 33
Early Muslim Dynasties ................................................................................................................ 33
Conversion to Islam .......................................................................................................................... 34
Leadership ......................................................................................................................................... 34
The First Civil War ........................................................................................................................... 35
The Martydrom of Husayn................................................................................................................ 35
The Deputy of God ........................................................................................................................... 36
Personal Piety.................................................................................................................................... 36
The Dome of the Rock ...................................................................................................................... 36
The Constitution of Medina .............................................................................................................. 37
2
,Chapter 9 – the Caliphate ...................................................................................................................... 38
Ibn al-Muqaffa’ ................................................................................................................................. 38
The Shi’ite Vision ............................................................................................................................. 39
The ‘Abbasids ................................................................................................................................... 40
Twelvers............................................................................................................................................ 40
Ismailis .............................................................................................................................................. 41
Kharijites ........................................................................................................................................... 41
The Sasain Revival ........................................................................................................................... 41
Al-Mawardi and the Sunni Compromise .......................................................................................... 42
Chapter 10 – Islamic Law ..................................................................................................................... 43
Revelation and Reason ...................................................................................................................... 43
Qiyas ................................................................................................................................................. 44
The Schools of Law .......................................................................................................................... 44
Sunni Schools of Islamic Law and their Founders........................................................................ 44
Islamic Law and the State ................................................................................................................. 45
Ijma ................................................................................................................................................... 46
The Usul al-Fiqh ............................................................................................................................... 46
Sources and Principles of Islamic Law ......................................................................................... 46
The Substance of the Law ................................................................................................................ 47
Ritual Purity ...................................................................................................................................... 48
Acts of Worship ................................................................................................................................ 48
Islamic Religious Duties (‘ibadat) in Islamic Legal Texts............................................................ 48
Marriage and Divorce ....................................................................................................................... 49
The Origins of Islamic Law .............................................................................................................. 50
Al-Shafii and Islamic Legal Theory.................................................................................................. 50
Chapter 11 – Islamic Theology and Philosophy ................................................................................... 51
Some Important Heresies .............................................................................................................. 52
Freedom and Determinism ................................................................................................................ 52
God’s Attributes ................................................................................................................................ 53
Anthropomorphism ........................................................................................................................... 53
Fait and Works .................................................................................................................................. 54
Leadership ......................................................................................................................................... 55
The Sunni Consensus ........................................................................................................................ 55
Ahmad ibn Hanbal ............................................................................................................................ 55
Al-Ash’ari ......................................................................................................................................... 56
Kalam ................................................................................................................................................ 56
Al-Maturidi and other Alternatives to Ash’arite Kalam ................................................................... 56
3
, Jewish and Christian Influences........................................................................................................ 57
The Challenge of Philosophy ............................................................................................................ 57
Prophecy and Revelation in Islamic Philosophy............................................................................... 58
Philosophy and Mysticism ................................................................................................................ 59
Chapter 12 – Sufism.............................................................................................................................. 59
Stages on the Path ............................................................................................................................. 59
Stations on the Sufi Path ............................................................................................................... 59
The Spiritual Master ......................................................................................................................... 60
Sufi Brotherhoods ............................................................................................................................. 60
Sufi Ritual ......................................................................................................................................... 60
The Destination ................................................................................................................................. 61
Sufi Cosmology ................................................................................................................................ 62
Sufism in History: the Case of al-Hallaj ........................................................................................... 62
Beginnings to the Tenth Century ...................................................................................................... 63
Early ascetics and mystics............................................................................................................. 63
Classical Manuals and the Growth of Tariqas .................................................................................. 64
Major Sufi Tariqas ........................................................................................................................ 64
Chapter 13 – Turks, Crusaders, and Mongols ....................................................................................... 64
The Saljuqs........................................................................................................................................ 64
Al-Ghazali and the Sunni Revival .................................................................................................... 65
Slave Soldiers.................................................................................................................................... 65
The Crusades..................................................................................................................................... 66
The Mongols ..................................................................................................................................... 67
The Impact of the Mongol Invasions ................................................................................................ 68
Chapter 14 – Revival and Reform......................................................................................................... 69
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires .................................................................................... 69
The Rise of European Power ............................................................................................................ 70
The Religious Environment .............................................................................................................. 70
The Ulama......................................................................................................................................... 70
Sufi Reformers .................................................................................................................................. 71
The Wahhabi Movement................................................................................................................... 72
Chapter 15 – Islam and The West ......................................................................................................... 72
Napoleon’s Invasion of Egypt........................................................................................................... 72
The Birth of Orientalism ................................................................................................................... 73
Jihad Movements .............................................................................................................................. 73
Al-Afghani ........................................................................................................................................ 74
Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Aligarh ..................................................................................................... 74
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