NSG 3500 EXAM 4 EXAMINATION SCRIPT
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
GRADED A+
⩥ hypoglycemia (slow fall).
Answer: CNS findings - headache, confusion, drowsiness, fatigue
⩥ hypoglycemia management.
Answer: - awake = oral glucose (15, 15 rule), goal blood sugar over 70
mg/dL
- not awake = IV dextrose 50% (25g glucose) OR glucagon IM
⩥ glucose raising drugs.
Answer: glucocorticoids, sympathomimetics
⩥ beta blockers and insulin.
Answer: beta blockers will blunt the sympathetic response to lowered
blood sugar (increasing the likelihood of hypoglycemic unawareness)
and block gluconeogenesis a counter regulatory response to
hypoglycemia
,⩥ metformin (glucophage) class.
Answer: biguanide
⩥ metformin (glucophage) MOA.
Answer: - inhibits hepatic glycogenolysis
- sensitizes insulin receptors and increases glucose uptake in fat and
skeletal muscle
- reduces glucose absorption in the gut (leads to GI distress)
⩥ metformin (glucophage) pharmacokinetics.
Answer: absorbed from small intestine and excreted unchanged by the
kidneys
⩥ metformin (glucophage) indications/advantages.
Answer: - does not cause hypoglycemia
- causes weight loss
- first line drug for diabetes
- polycystic ovarian syndrome
⩥ metformin in PCOS.
Answer: directly increases tissue sensitivity and indirectly lowers
androgen levels
, ⩥ metformin (glucophage) adverse effects.
Answer: lactic acidosis especially in patients with impaired renal
function because cannot excrete the drug
⩥ exanatide class.
Answer: incretin mimetic
⩥ exanatide MOA.
Answer: - augment the effects of incretin hormones by agonizing
receptors for GLP-1
- stimulate glucose-dependent insulin and suppress postprandial
glucagon release
- slow gastric emptying -> induce satiety -> decrease appetite ->
increase fullness
⩥ exanatide indications.
Answer: second drug after metformin for glycemic control in patients
with T2DM
⩥ exanatide pharmacokinetics.
Answer: - injected 1-2 times daily before the largest meals of the day
- extended release (Bydureon) administered weekly
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
GRADED A+
⩥ hypoglycemia (slow fall).
Answer: CNS findings - headache, confusion, drowsiness, fatigue
⩥ hypoglycemia management.
Answer: - awake = oral glucose (15, 15 rule), goal blood sugar over 70
mg/dL
- not awake = IV dextrose 50% (25g glucose) OR glucagon IM
⩥ glucose raising drugs.
Answer: glucocorticoids, sympathomimetics
⩥ beta blockers and insulin.
Answer: beta blockers will blunt the sympathetic response to lowered
blood sugar (increasing the likelihood of hypoglycemic unawareness)
and block gluconeogenesis a counter regulatory response to
hypoglycemia
,⩥ metformin (glucophage) class.
Answer: biguanide
⩥ metformin (glucophage) MOA.
Answer: - inhibits hepatic glycogenolysis
- sensitizes insulin receptors and increases glucose uptake in fat and
skeletal muscle
- reduces glucose absorption in the gut (leads to GI distress)
⩥ metformin (glucophage) pharmacokinetics.
Answer: absorbed from small intestine and excreted unchanged by the
kidneys
⩥ metformin (glucophage) indications/advantages.
Answer: - does not cause hypoglycemia
- causes weight loss
- first line drug for diabetes
- polycystic ovarian syndrome
⩥ metformin in PCOS.
Answer: directly increases tissue sensitivity and indirectly lowers
androgen levels
, ⩥ metformin (glucophage) adverse effects.
Answer: lactic acidosis especially in patients with impaired renal
function because cannot excrete the drug
⩥ exanatide class.
Answer: incretin mimetic
⩥ exanatide MOA.
Answer: - augment the effects of incretin hormones by agonizing
receptors for GLP-1
- stimulate glucose-dependent insulin and suppress postprandial
glucagon release
- slow gastric emptying -> induce satiety -> decrease appetite ->
increase fullness
⩥ exanatide indications.
Answer: second drug after metformin for glycemic control in patients
with T2DM
⩥ exanatide pharmacokinetics.
Answer: - injected 1-2 times daily before the largest meals of the day
- extended release (Bydureon) administered weekly
