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Summary and lecture notes for Political Science 114 Term 2 3,17 €   In den Einkaufswagen

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Summary and lecture notes for Political Science 114 Term 2

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This document contains notes made during the lectures and summarises the book. These notes helped me pass Cum Laude, thus are in depth and sufficient to study from.

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  • 26. mai 2021
  • 25
  • 2020/2021
  • Zusammenfassung

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Political Science 114 P2
Lecture 3: How can we explain SA’s relatively peaceful transition to democracy?

 Source Ch 4: de Jager

Accounting for SA’s negotiated transition
 Volatile context – refer to it as ‘miracle’  negotiations were by no means
inevitable, in fact civil war looked like the greater possibility. By 1988 SA situation
was considered to be dire and international discussion group concluded that the
potential for a negotiated settlement was poor but yet scarcely a decade later SA
held its first multi-racial elections = miraculous
 Theory – mutually hurting stalemates and ripe moments

Context: 1980s and 1990s
 Violent period  volatile time, saw most of the violence was seen during this time
 ‘People’s war’ – ungovernability, guerilla warfare, unconventional warfare  aim to
protract warfare, protracted, Soweto uprisings
 State Security Council (SSC): state of emergency and ‘total strategy’ in reaction to
‘total onslaught’. Counter-insurgency approach.  result more violence
 1984-1988 = increase black on black violence  over 4000 politically deaths (verified
by the truth and reconciliation commission by the Gold stone commission  Incarta
was being funded by a very specific group within the military intelligence and also
the people’s war which no distinction between combatants and civilians (could be
attacked))

Mutually hurting stalemates (MHS) and ripe moments
I William Zartman  theory
 Ripe moment cantres on MHS
 MHS: parties find themselves locked into a conflict they cannot draw to a victory,
results in a painful deadlock
 Ripe moment: conditions conducive to negotiations
 Parties cannot unilaterally achieve what they want to, they have a veto over each
other and because they are deadlocked it gets moved to the negotiations table

Domestic factors:
 Structural crisis  the influx control institution could not contain black urbanization
= began to crumble
 Demographics  especially the proportion of whites and the overall population and
this proportion was not sufficient to man all the strategic positions in all the political
and admin positions. Significant increase in black population
 Economic pressure  pressure of sanctions, stateism no longer viable, business
sector becomes limited and starts to pressure the government to change and open
the market
 NP – decrease support  growth of an even more conservative party
 Leadership  astute leadership on both sides – FW de Klerk and Mandela bought in
that negotiations was the right route and they brought their respective
constituencies with them towards the negotiating table

,  Ideological shifts  among the economic and political elites, both moderating their
ideas and coming more towards more a centre view and a willingness to work
together
 Mass protest movement  through the united democratic front formed in 1983 and
the congress of SA TU which was constituted in the 1980s and together were a
rather formidable force
 Armed struggle (umkuntu isizwe) unable to topple government

International factors
 F.W. De Klerk (1990): “the dynamic developments in international politics have
created new opportunities for SA”
 ANC (1994): “the end of the cold war shifted the balance of forces internationally
decisively in favour of the resolution of regional conflicts through negotiations”
 Economic deregulation  the basis of the NP dominance was economic nationalism
and stateism and this became unviable in the 1980s as the global arenas acceptance
of economic deregulation in a more market led economy grew
 No international political legitimacy  see it as a parai state with sanctions against it
(economic, sports, science, academia etc)
 Collapse of the Soviet Union (important because a key source of support for the ANC
was removed) and the end of the cold war  NP couldn’t use the idea of the fear of
the idea of communism because it had fallen
 1989 Organization African Union (now African Union) ‘Harare Declaration’ (ANC
platform for negotiations and there was definitely regional support that the route to
go was negotiations)  regional support for negotiations
 International developments

Negotiations
 Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) – 18 political parties
- Undivided SA, bill of rights, multi-party system, constitutional government,
separation of powers, civil liberties

Nelson Mandela’s inauguration speech (1994)
 “The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasm
that divide us has come. The time to build is upon us”

Lecture 4: Political Society:

Aim
 Constitution  source of political society
 Electoral System  emanates from constitution
- How do we vote?
- Advantages and disadvantages
- Key trends
 Political party spectrum
 Party system
- Theories of party dominance
 Funding

,  Source = Ch 5 pgs 96-107; Ch 7

Constitution making
 Eister (1993): “Their task is to rebuild a boat while it is sailing on the open (rough)
seas”  not an easy task
 Number of meetings with CODESA (Convention for a democratic SA), later on the
multi-party negotiating forum - 26 parties participated  discussed what form the
constitution would take and what would/ would not be part of the constitution
 Interim Constitution of 1993 described as “peace treaty” (Ebrahim, 1998)
 Designed for a ‘deeply divided society’ how do we deal and heal, what type of
governmental and electoral systems are ideal
 All sides had to concede eg NP had to let go of group representation and had to
accept individual rights, the ANC had to accept constitutional supremacy and check
some balances on its power
 Constitution is a social contract and it needs to be seen as this and not a transfer of
power  social contract = mutually agreed upon, binding and enduring mechanism
with which to negotiate present and future conflicts in an amicable way, it sets the
ground rules

1996 Constitution
 Doctrine of Constitutionalism (embraces and endorses)  important because it
specifies that citizens and officers of the state alike should be subject to the rules
outlined in the constitution impartially applied (no one is above the constitution)

Parliamentary system with president
 Executive (presidency)
 Legislature
 Judiciary
 Three spheres of government
- National
- Provincial
- Local
Unitary system with federal features

Electoral system
 South Africa
 Justice Albie Sachs (2017): “Struggle for independence was about the vote…”
- Vote symbolic of human dignity…
- Vote meant the highest and lowest in the land were equal



Elections
 Starting block of the democratic game  part of the starting block is the electoral
commission/ electoral commission of SA (IEC) is essentially the referee of the
electoral process, thus it is essential that they are respected and considered to be
impartial

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