PFCCS CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PFCCS CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS

PEWS (pediatric early warning score) - ans-
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Rating scale based on behavior, cardiovascular status and respiratory status
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Score determines intervention
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Newborn heart and respiratory rate ( birth - 1 mo) - ans-R 40-60. HR 100-180
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Infant heart rate and respiratory rate (1-12 mo) - ans-R 35-45. HR 100-180
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Toddler heart rate and respiratory rate (13 mo- 3 y) - ans-R 25-35. HR 70-110
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Preschool heart rate and respiratory rate (4-6y) - ans-R 21-23. HR 70-110
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School age heart rate and respiratory rate (7-12 y) - ans-R 19-21. HR 70-110
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Adolescent heart rate and respiratory rate (13-19y) - ans-R 16-18 HR 55-90sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd sd sd




What position is best for a clinical exam? - ans-
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Position they spontaneously assume for comfort
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A child's level of reactivity and responsiveness is usually a reflection of what? - ans-
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A reflection of the level of cerebral perfusion
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in infants, how can alertness be evaluated? - ans-
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by observing their ability to fixate on objects, particularly a parents face.
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infant should turn towards sounds and should follow an objects horizontally and starting at
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one month of age should f follow an object vertically as well
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older children age 8 months to 2 years should exhibit answerer towards strangers and sho
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w clear recognition of parents and caregivers
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hypopnea - ans-shallow breathing at least 10 seconds or more which reduces O2 by 30%
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hyperpnea - ans- sd sdsd




increase in depth and rate of breathing. differs from hyperventilating as breaths are deeper
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instead of just faster sd sd sd




Poiseuille's Law - ans- sd sd sdsd




a law of physiology stating that resistance in and airway is inversely related to it's radius to t
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, he fourth power, so reducing the airway radius by 50% would increase the resistance 16 ti
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mes

Nasal flaring is a sign of _____ breathing. - ans-increased work of breathing.
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this increases the nares radii to reduce resistance to the fourth power
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Grunting is associated with - ans-increased work of breathing.
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exhalation against a partially closed glottis to prevent the collapse of alveoli
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Retractions of the sternum or ribs during inhalation: - ans- sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sdsd




abnormal "sucking in" of the chest wall during inspiration; indicated respiratory distress
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bradypnea is a precursor of - ans-respiratory arrest sd sd sd sd sd sdsd sd




respiratory arrest is the most common cause of cardiopulmonary collapse in children
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where is the best place to auscultate breath sounds after intubation? - ans-
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anterior axillary line sd sd




because children have thinner chest walls than adults breath sounds are easily audible but
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less easily localized and other sounds often interfere with accurate auscultation. anterior a
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xillary will minimize contralateral breath sound transmission for a more accurate assessme
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why is cyanosis a poor indicator of hypoxemia in infants and children? - ans-
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because children have a lower hgb concentration than adults the blood oxygen content mu
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st fall to very low level before cyanosis is clinically evident
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causes of variations in respiratory rate - ans-fever
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pain and anxiety sd sd




hypovolemia
respiratory disease sd




metabolic acidosis sd




heart failure sd




adverse drug effect sd sd




hyperviscosity syndromes sd




causes of variations in respiratory rate- bradypnea - ans-hypothermia
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CNS injury sd




drug induced depression
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neuromuscular disease sd




severe shock sd




metabolic disorder sd