SUMMARY CASES
CRADLE TO GRAVE BBS2002
Myrte van de Bergh
,Inhoudsopgave
Case 1 The developing nervous system ................................................................................. 2
Case 2 Lung development .................................................................................................... 19
Case 3 Bone development and repair .................................................................................. 34
Case 4 Skeletal muscle development (pre-and postnatal) .................................................. 43
Case 5 How do hormones influence growth and sexual development? ............................. 51
Case 6 → midterm exam ...................................................................................................... 65
Case 7 Ageing and physical ability........................................................................................ 66
Case 8 Mitochondria ............................................................................................................ 77
Case 9 The hallmarks of aging .............................................................................................. 88
Case 10 What are the hallmarks of cancer ........................................................................ 103
Case 11 The development of the lungs with aging (COPD) ............................................... 114
Case 12 What does a normal aged brain look like, in comparison to an AD affected brain?
............................................................................................................................................ 126
1
,Case 1 The developing nervous system
Learning goals:
1. Describe the prenatal development
- Neural plate and neural tube
- 3 and 5 vesicle stage
- CNS vs PNS
2. What is neurogenesis
- Neural survival
3. Describe synapse formation
- CNS vs PNS
4. Describe synaptic plasticity
5. Postnatal development
- LTD and LTP
6. Describe migration
- Delta and Notch signalling
7. Describe the nervous system regeneration in adults
- CNS vs PNS
Literature
• Kandel, Principles of Neural Science (development nervous system, differentiation)
• Bear, Neuroscience Exploring the Brain (proliferation, migration, differentiation)
• Malatesta, Radial glia and neural stem cells (differentiation)
• Castrén, Neuronal plasticity and antidepressant actions (neuroplasticity)
• Squire, Fundamental Neuroscience (critical periods)
• Wikipedia, Jean Piaget & Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
RECAP
2
, 1. Describe the prenatal development
- Neural plate and neural tube
- 3 and 5 vesicle stage
- CNS vs PNS
Gastrulation = the formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
→ ca. 16 days of embryonic development
Neurulation = formation of the nervous system out of the ectoderm
→ week 3-4 of the embryonic development
1. Mesoderm cells produce the notochord.
2. The notochord induces the thickening of the ectodermal cells to form the
neural plate.
3. The central cells of the neural plate move outwards
- Forms the neural groove and neural folds
4. Neural folds fuse together: neural tube
5. Lips of the neural tube gives rise to neural crests cells.
NOTE: A vast array of neurons and glial cells is produced during development of
the nervous system. Different neurons develop in discrete anatomical positions,
acquire varied morphological forms, and establish connections with specific
populations of target cells.
NOTE: The neural tube forms the central nervous system.
NOTE: The neural crest cells form the peripheral nervous system.
Neural tube - The nervous system begins to develop at a relatively late stage in the entire program of
embryonic development. Soon after the neural plate forms it begins to fold into a tubular structure,
the neural tube, through a process of neurulation. The caudal region of the neural tube gives rise to
the spinal cord, whereas the rostral region becomes the brain.
During these early stages of neural development cells divide rapidly, although cell proliferation is not
uniform. Differences in the rate of proliferation of cells in rostral regions of the neural tube result in
the formation of three brain vesicles: the forebrain (prosencephalic) vesicle, the midbrain
(mesencephalic) vesicle, and the hindbrain (rhombencephalic) vesicle. As the neural tube develops,
two of the primary embryonic vesicles divide further, forming the five-vesicle stage. The forebrain
vesicle divides forming the telencephalon and diencephalon, and the hindbrain vesicle divides to
from the metencephalon and myelencephalon.
3
CRADLE TO GRAVE BBS2002
Myrte van de Bergh
,Inhoudsopgave
Case 1 The developing nervous system ................................................................................. 2
Case 2 Lung development .................................................................................................... 19
Case 3 Bone development and repair .................................................................................. 34
Case 4 Skeletal muscle development (pre-and postnatal) .................................................. 43
Case 5 How do hormones influence growth and sexual development? ............................. 51
Case 6 → midterm exam ...................................................................................................... 65
Case 7 Ageing and physical ability........................................................................................ 66
Case 8 Mitochondria ............................................................................................................ 77
Case 9 The hallmarks of aging .............................................................................................. 88
Case 10 What are the hallmarks of cancer ........................................................................ 103
Case 11 The development of the lungs with aging (COPD) ............................................... 114
Case 12 What does a normal aged brain look like, in comparison to an AD affected brain?
............................................................................................................................................ 126
1
,Case 1 The developing nervous system
Learning goals:
1. Describe the prenatal development
- Neural plate and neural tube
- 3 and 5 vesicle stage
- CNS vs PNS
2. What is neurogenesis
- Neural survival
3. Describe synapse formation
- CNS vs PNS
4. Describe synaptic plasticity
5. Postnatal development
- LTD and LTP
6. Describe migration
- Delta and Notch signalling
7. Describe the nervous system regeneration in adults
- CNS vs PNS
Literature
• Kandel, Principles of Neural Science (development nervous system, differentiation)
• Bear, Neuroscience Exploring the Brain (proliferation, migration, differentiation)
• Malatesta, Radial glia and neural stem cells (differentiation)
• Castrén, Neuronal plasticity and antidepressant actions (neuroplasticity)
• Squire, Fundamental Neuroscience (critical periods)
• Wikipedia, Jean Piaget & Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
RECAP
2
, 1. Describe the prenatal development
- Neural plate and neural tube
- 3 and 5 vesicle stage
- CNS vs PNS
Gastrulation = the formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
→ ca. 16 days of embryonic development
Neurulation = formation of the nervous system out of the ectoderm
→ week 3-4 of the embryonic development
1. Mesoderm cells produce the notochord.
2. The notochord induces the thickening of the ectodermal cells to form the
neural plate.
3. The central cells of the neural plate move outwards
- Forms the neural groove and neural folds
4. Neural folds fuse together: neural tube
5. Lips of the neural tube gives rise to neural crests cells.
NOTE: A vast array of neurons and glial cells is produced during development of
the nervous system. Different neurons develop in discrete anatomical positions,
acquire varied morphological forms, and establish connections with specific
populations of target cells.
NOTE: The neural tube forms the central nervous system.
NOTE: The neural crest cells form the peripheral nervous system.
Neural tube - The nervous system begins to develop at a relatively late stage in the entire program of
embryonic development. Soon after the neural plate forms it begins to fold into a tubular structure,
the neural tube, through a process of neurulation. The caudal region of the neural tube gives rise to
the spinal cord, whereas the rostral region becomes the brain.
During these early stages of neural development cells divide rapidly, although cell proliferation is not
uniform. Differences in the rate of proliferation of cells in rostral regions of the neural tube result in
the formation of three brain vesicles: the forebrain (prosencephalic) vesicle, the midbrain
(mesencephalic) vesicle, and the hindbrain (rhombencephalic) vesicle. As the neural tube develops,
two of the primary embryonic vesicles divide further, forming the five-vesicle stage. The forebrain
vesicle divides forming the telencephalon and diencephalon, and the hindbrain vesicle divides to
from the metencephalon and myelencephalon.
3
